{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T08:19:38Z","timestamp":1785831578599,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,1]],"date-time":"2022-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643673600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,1]],"date-time":"2022-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643673600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,12]],"date-time":"2021-11-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636675200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","ijidonline.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["International Journal of Infectious Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.11.023","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,17]],"date-time":"2021-11-17T20:53:34Z","timestamp":1637182414000},"page":"39-47","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Bacteraemic pneumococcal pneumonia and SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia: differences and similarities"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"115","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3149-0693","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leyre","family":"Serrano Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luis Alberto","family":"Ruiz Iturriaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pedro Pablo","family":"Espa\u00f1a Yandiola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6300-9836","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ra\u00fal","family":"M\u00e9ndez Oca\u00f1a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"P\u00e9rez Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7255-9290","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eva","family":"Tabernero Huget","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ane","family":"Uranga Echeverria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3386-5230","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paula","family":"Gonzalez Jimenez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricia","family":"Garc\u00eda Hontoria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antoni","family":"Torres Mart\u00ed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosario","family":"Menendez Villanueva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rafael","family":"Zalacain Jorge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.11.023_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines9080910","article-title":"Antibody response to natural SARS-CoV-2 infection or after COVID-19 vaccination","volume":"9","author":"Altawalah","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vacciones (Basael)"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.11.023_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1525","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2020.07.024","article-title":"COVID-19@Spain Study Group. Characteristics and predictors of death among 4035 consecutively hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in Spain","volume":"26","author":"Berenguer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.11.023_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e34387","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0034387","article-title":"ICE-CUB study group. Variability of intensive care admission decisions for the very elderly","volume":"7","author":"Boumendil","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.11.023_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2466-14-128","article-title":"Pneumococcal pneumonia: differences according to blood culture results","volume":"14","author":"Capelastegui","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Pulm Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.11.023_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2020.108509","article-title":"Early predictors of clinical outcomes of COVID-19 outbreak in Milan, Italy","volume":"217","author":"Ciceri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.11.023_bib0006","series-title":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) treatment guidelines","year":"2020"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.11.023_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00028","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00028-20","article-title":"Coronavirus disease 2019\u2013COVID-19","volume":"33","author":"Dhama","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.11.023_bib0008","series-title":"Manejo cl\u00ednico del COVID-19: tratamiento m\u00e9dico","year":"2020"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.11.023_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1996.03530260048030","article-title":"Prognosis and outcomes of patients with community-acquired pneumonia: a meta-analysis","volume":"275","author":"Fine","year":"1996","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.11.023_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.159.9.970","article-title":"Processes and outcomes of care for patients with community-acquired pneumonia: results from the Pneumonia Patient Outcomes Research Team (PORT) Cohort Study","volume":"159","author":"Fine","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.11.023_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.2146","article-title":"Predictors of COVID-19 severity: a literature review","volume":"31","author":"Gallo Marin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rev Med Virol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.11.023_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.3109\/00365540903418522","article-title":"Determinants of outcome in patients with bacteraemic pneumococcal pneumonia: importance of early adequate treatment","volume":"42","author":"Garnacho-Montero","year":"2010","journal-title":"Scand J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.11.023_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.13-1531","article-title":"Decrease in mortality in severe community-acquired pneumococcal pneumonia: impact of improving antibiotic strategies (2000\u20132013)","volume":"146","author":"Gattarello","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.11.023_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2013.12.013","article-title":"Smoking and alcohol abuse are the most preventable risk factors for invasive pneumonia and other pneumococcal infections","volume":"25","author":"Grau","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.11.023_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2752","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.02752","article-title":"Clinical features predicting mortality risk in patients with viral pneumonia: the MuLBSTA score","volume":"10","author":"Guo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.11.023_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0147877","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0147877","article-title":"Host factors and biomarkers associated with poor outcomes in adults with invasive pneumococcal disease","volume":"11","author":"Hanada","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.11.023_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiac.2016.07.008","article-title":"Risk factors for the severity and mortality of pneumococcal pneumonia: importance of premorbid patients\u2019 performance status","volume":"22","author":"Ishiguro","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Infect Chemother"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.11.023_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1086\/648678","article-title":"Etiology of community-acquired pneumonia: increased microbiological yield with new diagnostic methods","volume":"50","author":"Johansson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.11.023_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e438","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3026(20)30145-9","article-title":"Coagulation abnormalities and thrombosis in patients with COVID-19","volume":"7","author":"Levi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Haematol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.11.023_bib0020","first-page":"530","article-title":"SCCM\/ESICM\/ACCP\/ATS\/SIS: SCCM\/ESICM\/ATS\/SIS International Sepsis Definitions Conference","volume":"29","author":"Levy","year":"2003","journal-title":"Crit Care Med 2003"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.11.023_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1136\/thorax.58.5.377","article-title":"Defining community-acquired pneumonia severity on presentation to hospital: an international derivation and validation study","volume":"58","author":"Lim","year":"2003","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.11.023_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2019.04.006","article-title":"Lymphopenic community-acquired pneumonia is associated with a dysregulated immune response and increased severity and mortality","volume":"78","author":"M\u00e9ndez","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.11.023_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arbres.2010.06.014","article-title":"Sociedad Espa\u00f1ola de Neumolog\u00eda y Cirug\u00eda Tor\u00e1cica: Community-acquired pneumonia. New guidelines of the Spanish Society of Pulmonary and Thoracic Surgery (SEPAR)","volume":"46","author":"Men\u00e9ndez","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch Bronconeumol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.11.023_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2012-203106","article-title":"Henriques Normark B. Contribution of host, bacterial factors and antibiotic treatment to mortality in adult patients with bacteraemic pneumococcal pneumonia","volume":"68","author":"Naucler","year":"2013","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.11.023_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2020.05.049","article-title":"Applicability of the CURB-65 pneumonia severity score for outpatient treatment of COVID-19","volume":"81","author":"Nguyen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.11.023_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2052","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.6775","article-title":"Presenting characteristics, comorbidities, and outcomes among 5700 patients hospitalized with COVID-19 in the New York City Area","volume":"323","author":"Richardson","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.11.023_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1086\/321808","article-title":"Etiology, reasons for hospitalization, risk classes, and outcomes of community-acquired pneumonia in patients hospitalized on the basis of conventional admission criteria","volume":"33","author":"Roson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.11.023_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-017-0518-0","article-title":"Age-related differences in management and outcomes in hospitalized healthy and well-functioning bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia patients: a cohort study","volume":"17","author":"Ruiz","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.11.023_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2019.10.024","article-title":"Factors influencing long-term survival after hospitalization with pneumococcal pneumonia","volume":"79","author":"Ruiz","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.11.023_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e60273","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0060273","article-title":"Estimating the burden of pneumococcal pneumonia among adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic techniques","volume":"8","author":"Said","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.11.023_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1097\/01.md.0000164302.03972.d7","article-title":"Bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia: a prospective study in Edmonton and neighboring municipalities","volume":"84","author":"Shariatzadeh","year":"2005","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.11.023_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"06503","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/abe838","article-title":"Large-scale screening of COVID-19 from community-acquired pneumonia using infection size-aware classification","volume":"66","author":"Shi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phys Med Biol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.11.023_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healun.2020.03.012","article-title":"COVID-19 illness in native and immunosuppressed states: a clinical\u2013therapeutic staging proposal","volume":"39","author":"Siddiqi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Heart Lung Transpl"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.11.023_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1747","DOI":"10.1080\/03007995.2020.1830050","article-title":"Comparison of clinical characteristics between coronavirus disease 2019 pneumonia and community-acquired pneumonia","volume":"36","author":"Tian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Med Res Opin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.11.023_bib0036","unstructured":"Tratamientos disponibles sujetos a condiciones especiales de acceso para el manejo de la infecci\u00f3n respiratoria por SARS-CoV-2. June 2020. Spanish Agency of Medicines and Medical Devices, Spanish Ministry of Health, Spanish Government. Available at: https:\/\/www.aemps.gob.es\/la-aemps\/ultima-informacion-de-la-aemps-acerca-del-covid%e2%80%9119\/tratamientos-disponibles-para-el-manejo-de-la-infeccion-respiratoria-por-sars-cov-2\/?lang=en"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.11.023_bib0035","unstructured":"Tratamientos disponibles para el manejo de la infecci\u00f3n respiratoria por SARS-CoV-2.18. March 2020. Spanish Agency of Medicines and Medical Devices, Spanish Ministry of Health, Spanish Government. Available at: https:\/\/www.aemps.gob.es\/laAEMPS\/docs\/medicamentos-disponibles-SARS-CoV-2-19-3-2020.pdf"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.11.023_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcpa.2014.01.004","article-title":"The pathology and pathogenesis of experimental severe acute respiratory syndrome and influenza in animal models","volume":"151","author":"Van den Brand","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Comp Pathol"},{"issue":"9700","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.11.023_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1543","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)61114-4","article-title":"Pathogenesis, treatment, and prevention of pneumococcal pneumonia","volume":"374","author":"Van der Poll","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.11.023_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1737","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa022823","article-title":"Active bacterial core surveillance of the Emerging Infections Program Network. Decline in invasive pneumococcal disease after the introduction of protein-polysaccharide conjugate vaccine","volume":"348","author":"Whitney","year":"2003","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.11.023_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"m1328","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m1328","article-title":"Prediction models for diagnosis and prognosis of COVID-19: systematic review ad critical appraisal","volume":"369","author":"Wynants","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.11.023_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30076-X","article-title":"Pathological findings of COVID-19 associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"8","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.11.023_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2020.03.037","article-title":"The pathogenesis and treatment of the `cytokine storm\u2019 in COVID-19","volume":"80","author":"Ye","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.11.023_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-021-05856-8","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of COVID-19 complicated with pleural effusion","volume":"21","author":"Zhan","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.11.023_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa247","article-title":"A comparative study on the clinical features of COVID-19 pneumonia to other pneumonias","volume":"71","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.11.023_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2020.04.021","article-title":"Risk factors of critical & mortal COVID-19 cases: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis","volume":"81","author":"Zheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.11.023_bib0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30566-3","article-title":"Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult in patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"395","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.11.023_bib0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.00322","article-title":"COVID-19 is distinct from SARS-CoV-2-negative community-acquired pneumonia","volume":"10","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1201971221008717?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1201971221008717?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]],"date-time":"2025-10-22T08:04:02Z","timestamp":1761120242000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1201971221008717"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]},"references-count":47,"alternative-id":["S1201971221008717"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.11.023","relation":{},"ISSN":["1201-9712"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1201-9712","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Bacteraemic pneumococcal pneumonia and SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia: differences and similarities","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"International Journal of Infectious Diseases","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.11.023","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of International Society for Infectious Diseases.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}