{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T21:44:44Z","timestamp":1793655884185,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,1]],"date-time":"2022-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651363200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,1]],"date-time":"2022-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651363200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,4]],"date-time":"2022-02-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643932800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100017230","name":"Uganda National Council for Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100017230","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1R01AI145057"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R01AI145057"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5DP1HD086071"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5DP1HD086071"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008321","name":"Pennsylvania State University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008321","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009915","name":"Mbarara University of Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009915","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","ijidonline.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["International Journal of Infectious Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2022.02.005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,9]],"date-time":"2022-02-09T02:23:47Z","timestamp":1644373427000},"page":"24-33","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Cytomegalovirus infections in infants in Uganda: Newborn-mother pairs, neonates with sepsis, and infants with hydrocephalus"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"118","author":[{"given":"Christine","family":"Hehnly","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paddy","family":"Ssentongo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa M.","family":"Bebell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathy","family":"Burgoine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joel","family":"Bazira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6723-9727","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudio","family":"Fronterre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elias","family":"Kumbakumba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ronald","family":"Mulondo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edith","family":"Mbabazi-Kabachelor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7816-2646","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah U.","family":"Morton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Ngonzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moses","family":"Ochora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Olupot-Olupot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Mugamba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justin","family":"Onen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Drucilla J.","family":"Roberts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9093-4645","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kathryn","family":"Sheldon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6625-181X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shamim A.","family":"Sinnar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jasmine","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Ssenyonga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julius","family":"Kiwanuka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8221-7139","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joseph N.","family":"Paulson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frederick A.","family":"Meier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8765-2065","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jessica E.","family":"Ericson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James R.","family":"Broach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2623-3614","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steven J.","family":"Schiff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2022.02.005_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2015.240531","article-title":"Complex biological profile of hematologic markers across pediatric, adult, and geriatric ages: establishment of robust pediatric and adult reference intervals on the basis of the Canadian Health Measures Survey","volume":"61","author":"Adeli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2022.02.005_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy166","article-title":"Cytomegalovirus Shedding in Seropositive Pregnant Women From a High-Seroprevalence Population: The Brazilian Cytomegalovirus Hearing and Maternal Secondary Infection Study","volume":"67","author":"Barbosa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2022.02.005_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1375","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2010.423","article-title":"Dried blood spot real-time polymerase chain reaction assays to screen newborns for congenital cytomegalovirus infection","volume":"303","author":"Boppana","year":"2010","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"22","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2022.02.005_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2111","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1006561","article-title":"Saliva polymerase-chain-reaction assay for cytomegalovirus screening in newborns","volume":"364","author":"Boppana","year":"2011","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2022.02.005_bib0005","first-page":"1","article-title":"Global hydrocephalus epidemiology and incidence: systematic review and meta-analysis","author":"Dewan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2022.02.005_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.2307\/2532668","article-title":"Second-order analysis of spatial clustering for inhomogeneous populations","volume":"47","author":"Diggle","year":"1991","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2022.02.005_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.289.8.1008","article-title":"Maternal immunity and prevention of congenital cytomegalovirus infection","volume":"289","author":"Fowler","year":"2003","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2022.02.005_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E419","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2012.03983.x","article-title":"Congenital cytomegalovirus infection: patterns of fetal brain damage","volume":"18","author":"Gabrielli","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2022.02.005_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiw076","article-title":"Prospective Characterization of the Risk Factors for Transmission and Symptoms of Primary Human Herpesvirus Infections Among Ugandan Infants","volume":"214","author":"Gantt","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2022.02.005_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1002\/path.4437","article-title":"The pathogenesis of human cytomegalovirus","volume":"235","author":"Griffiths","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Pathol"},{"issue":"Pt 7","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2022.02.005_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.010587-0","article-title":"Comparative evaluation of published cytomegalovirus primers for rapid real-time PCR: which are the most sensitive?","volume":"58","author":"Habbal","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol"},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2022.02.005_bib0012","first-page":"2148","article-title":"An infant with steroid-refractory cytomegalovirus-associated ADEM who responded to immunoglobulin therapy","volume":"18","author":"Imataka","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2022.02.005_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0204926","article-title":"Age-specific global epidemiology of hydrocephalus: Systematic review, metanalysis and global birth surveillance","volume":"13","author":"Isaacs","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"10020","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2022.02.005_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)60694-8","article-title":"Hydrocephalus in children","volume":"387","author":"Kahle","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2022.02.005_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E10","DOI":"10.3171\/2016.8.FOCUS16278","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid hypersecretion in pediatric hydrocephalus","volume":"41","author":"Karimy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurosurg Focus"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2022.02.005_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-020-0321-y","article-title":"Inflammation in acquired hydrocephalus: pathogenic mechanisms and therapeutic targets","volume":"16","author":"Karimy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2022.02.005_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.535","article-title":"Review and meta-analysis of the epidemiology of congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection","volume":"17","author":"Kenneson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Reviews in medical virology"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2022.02.005_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1038\/jp.2017.41","article-title":"Long-term outcomes of children with symptomatic congenital cytomegalovirus disease","volume":"37","author":"Lanzieri","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Perinatology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2022.02.005_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00062-12","article-title":"The \u201cSilent\u201d Global Burden of Congenital Cytomegalovirus","volume":"26","author":"Manicklal","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clinical Microbiology Reviews"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2022.02.005_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1740","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(21)00407-1","article-title":"Cytomegalovirus acquisition in infancy and the risk of tuberculosis disease in childhood: a longitudinal birth cohort study in Cape Town, South Africa","volume":"9","author":"Martinez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2022.02.005_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5766","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00052-07","article-title":"Cytomegalovirus infection in Gambian infants leads to profound CD8 T-cell differentiation","volume":"81","author":"Miles","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2022.02.005_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9071(199912)59:4<469::AID-JMV8>3.0.CO;2-L","article-title":"Cervical shedding of cytomegalovirus in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected women","volume":"59","author":"Mostad","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2022.02.005_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41522-021-00244-1","article-title":"Vaginal microbiome topic modeling of laboring Ugandan women with and without fever","volume":"7","author":"Movassagh","year":"2021","journal-title":"npj Biofilms and Microbiomes"},{"issue":"Supplement_1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2022.02.005_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S15","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiz443","article-title":"Natural History of Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection in Highly Seropositive Populations","volume":"221","author":"Mussi-Pinhata","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2022.02.005_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.130090","article-title":"Cytomegalovirus infection is a risk factor for tuberculosis disease in infants","volume":"4","author":"M\u00fcller","year":"2019","journal-title":"JCI insight"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2022.02.005_bib0026","first-page":"e52","article-title":"Neuroimaging of pediatric intracranial infection\u2013part 2: TORCH, viral, fungal, and parasitic infections","volume":"22","author":"Nickerson","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Neuroimaging"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2022.02.005_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1789","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz019","article-title":"Prevalence of Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection and Associated Risk of In Utero Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Acquisition in a High-HIV Prevalence Setting, South Africa","volume":"69","author":"Pathirana","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"563","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2022.02.005_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aba0565","article-title":"Paenibacillus infection with frequent viral coinfection contributes to postinfectious hydrocephalus in Ugandan infants","volume":"12","author":"Paulson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science Translational Medicine"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2022.02.005_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.3171\/2021.2.PEDS201006","article-title":"Normal childhood brain growth and a universal sex and anthropomorphic relationship to cerebrospinal fluid","volume":"28","author":"Peterson","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2022.02.005_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.40.3.205","article-title":"Congenital cytomegalovirus infection: predisposing maternal factors","volume":"40","author":"Preece","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2022.02.005_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2381","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.40.7.2381-2386.2002","article-title":"Multiplex, quantitative, real-time PCR assay for cytomegalovirus and human DNA","volume":"40","author":"Sanchez","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2022.02.005_bib0033","first-page":"1","article-title":"Brain growth after surgical treatment for infant postinfectious hydrocephalus in Sub-Saharan Africa: 2-year results of a randomized trial","author":"Schiff","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr"},{"issue":"324","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2022.02.005_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1968.10480932","article-title":"A Comparative Study of Various Tests for Normality","volume":"63","author":"Shapiro","year":"1968","journal-title":"Journal of the American Statistical Association"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2022.02.005_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1002\/bdra.23138","article-title":"A pilot study using residual newborn dried blood spots to assess the potential role of cytomegalovirus and Toxoplasma gondii in the etiology of congenital hydrocephalus","volume":"97","author":"Simeone","year":"2013","journal-title":"Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2022.02.005_bib0036","series-title":"American Association for Clinical C. hemistry, Pediatric reference","author":"Soldin","year":"2011"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2022.02.005_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2120736","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.20736","article-title":"Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection Burden and Epidemiologic Risk Factors in Countries With Universal Screening: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"4","author":"Ssentongo","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Network Open"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2022.02.005_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.3171\/2011.8.PEDS11221","article-title":"Five-year survival and outcome of treatment for postinfectious hydrocephalus in Ugandan infants","volume":"8","author":"Warf","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1201971222000856?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1201971222000856?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]],"date-time":"2025-10-22T08:06:19Z","timestamp":1761120379000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1201971222000856"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]},"references-count":37,"alternative-id":["S1201971222000856"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijid.2022.02.005","relation":{},"ISSN":["1201-9712"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1201-9712","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Cytomegalovirus infections in infants in Uganda: Newborn-mother pairs, neonates with sepsis, and infants with hydrocephalus","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"International Journal of Infectious Diseases","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijid.2022.02.005","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of International Society for Infectious Diseases.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}