{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T03:23:06Z","timestamp":1778642586211,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,1]],"date-time":"2022-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656633600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,1]],"date-time":"2022-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656633600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,20]],"date-time":"2022-04-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1650412800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"NIAID","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","ijidonline.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["International Journal of Infectious Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2022.04.038","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,25]],"date-time":"2022-04-25T21:06:41Z","timestamp":1650920801000},"page":"158-167","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Sexual partnership concurrency and age disparities associated with sexually transmitted infection and risk behavior in rural communities in Kenya and Uganda"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"120","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3668-8997","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaffer","family":"Okiring","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2116-2637","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monica","family":"Getahun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7634-1296","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah A.","family":"Gutin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5618-3091","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah","family":"Lebu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joi","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Irene","family":"Maeri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Eyul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth A.","family":"Bukusi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8654-6634","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Craig R.","family":"Cohen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Torsten B.","family":"Neilands","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Ssali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Edwin D.","family":"Charlebois","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5615-1164","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carol S.","family":"Camlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2022.04.038_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0178907","article-title":"Prevalence, incidence and correlates of HSV-2 infection in an HIV incidence adolescent and adult cohort study in western Kenya","volume":"12","author":"Akinyi","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2022.04.038_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000002582","article-title":"Risk of HIV infection among adolescent girls and young women in age-disparate relationships in sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"34","author":"Bajunirwe","year":"2020","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2022.04.038_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.3109\/13625187.2011.644841","article-title":"Age-disparate relationships and implications for STI transmission among young adults in Cape Town, South Africa","volume":"17","author":"Beauclair","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2022.04.038_bib0004","series-title":"Sexually transmitted diseases","first-page":"151","author":"Buv\u00e9","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2022.04.038_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2019.05.002","article-title":"Gendered dimensions of population mobility associated with HIV across three epidemics in rural Eastern Africa","volume":"57","author":"Camlin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Health Place"},{"issue":"Suppl. 4","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2022.04.038_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e25115","DOI":"10.1002\/jia2.25115","article-title":"Population mobility associated with higher risk sexual behaviour in eastern African communities participating in a Universal Testing and Treatment trial","volume":"21","author":"Camlin","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Int AIDS Soc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2022.04.038_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1007\/s11904-019-00457-2","article-title":"Mobility and its effects on HIV acquisition and treatment engagement: recent theoretical and empirical advances","volume":"16","author":"Camlin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr HIV\/AIDS Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2022.04.038_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1458","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2010.02647.x","article-title":"Linking migration, mobility and HIV","volume":"15","author":"Deane","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2022.04.038_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1177\/0956462418758224","article-title":"Genital Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae infections among women in sub-Saharan Africa: a structured review","volume":"29","author":"Dubbink","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J STD AIDS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2022.04.038_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21310","DOI":"10.7448\/IAS.19.1.21310","article-title":"Age-disparate sex and HIV risk for young women from 2002 to 2012 in South Africa","volume":"19","author":"Evan","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Int AIDS Soc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2022.04.038_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-031667","article-title":"Factors associated with HIV in younger and older adult men in South Africa: findings from a cross-sectional survey","volume":"9","author":"Govender","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2022.04.038_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000000198","article-title":"Do age-disparate relationships drive HIV incidence in young women? Evidence from a population cohort in rural KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa","volume":"66","author":"Harling","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2022.04.038_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1809866","article-title":"HIV testing and treatment with the use of a community health approach in rural Africa","volume":"381","author":"Havlir","year":"2019","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2022.04.038_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4216","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.2687","article-title":"A comparative investigation of methods for logistic regression with separated or nearly separated data","volume":"25","author":"Heinze","year":"2006","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2022.04.038_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1435","DOI":"10.1080\/09540121.2018.1468008","article-title":"Sexual behavior and HIV risk across the life course in rural South Africa: trends and comparisons","volume":"30","author":"Houle","year":"2018","journal-title":"AIDS Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2022.04.038_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0142805","article-title":"The impact of human mobility on HIV transmission in Kenya","volume":"10","author":"Isdory","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2022.04.038_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0250871","article-title":"Incidence and risk factors of C. trachomatis and N. gonorrhoeae among young women from the Western Cape, South Africa: the EVRI study","volume":"16","author":"Jongen","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2022.04.038_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1470","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(19)30404-8","article-title":"HIV incidence rates in adolescent girls and young women in sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"7","author":"Karim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2022.04.038_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2016.03.001","article-title":"Partner concurrency and HIV infection risk in South Africa","volume":"45","author":"Kenyon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2022.04.038_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.06.046","article-title":"Population prevalence of sexually transmitted infections in a high HIV burden district in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa: implications for HIV epidemic control","volume":"98","author":"Kharsany","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2022.04.038_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2245","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000002352","article-title":"Adverse childhood experiences, sexual debut and HIV testing among adolescents in a low-income high HIV-prevalence context","volume":"33","author":"Kidman","year":"2019","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2022.04.038_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1177\/1090198119829197","article-title":"Narrating the transition to adulthood for youth in Uganda: leaving school, mobility, risky occupations, and HIV","volume":"46","author":"Kreniske","year":"2019","journal-title":"Health Educ Behav"},{"issue":"Suppl. 4","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2022.04.038_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S17","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aids.0000341774.86500.53","article-title":"Age-disparate and intergenerational sex in southern Africa: the dynamics of hypervulnerability","volume":"22","author":"Leclerc-Madlala","year":"2008","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2022.04.038_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5227","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-13089-2","article-title":"HPV infection and the genital cytokine milieu in women at high risk of HIV acquisition","volume":"10","author":"Liebenberg","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2022.04.038_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1007\/s13524-011-0051-2","article-title":"The relationship history calendar: improving the scope and quality of data on youth sexual behavior","volume":"48","author":"Luke","year":"2011","journal-title":"Demography"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2022.04.038_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0159162","article-title":"Sexual behaviour of men and women within age-disparate partnerships in South Africa: implications for young women's HIV risk","volume":"11","author":"Maughan-Brown","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2022.04.038_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000001656","article-title":"HIV risk among adolescent girls and young women in age-disparate partnerships: evidence from KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa","volume":"78","author":"Maughan-Brown","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2022.04.038_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2018-053577","article-title":"Age-disparate partnerships and HSV-2 among adolescent girls and young women in South Africa: implications for HIV infection risk","volume":"95","author":"Maughan-Brown","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2022.04.038_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2469","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-014-0828-6","article-title":"Partner age differences and concurrency in South Africa: implications for HIV-infection risk among young women","volume":"18","author":"Maughan-Brown","year":"2014","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2022.04.038_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1007\/s11904-016-0314-z","article-title":"Factors driving the HIV epidemic in Southern Africa","volume":"13","author":"McKinnon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr HIV\/AIDS Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2022.04.038_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000001832","article-title":"Brief report: age-disparate relationships and HIV prevalence among never married women in Rakai, Uganda","volume":"79","author":"Mwinnyaa","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2022.04.038_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0134286","article-title":"Associated risk factors of STIs and multiple sexual relationships among youths in Malawi","volume":"10","author":"N","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2022.04.038_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.1754","article-title":"Sexually transmitted infections in HIV-infected patients in Kabale Hospital","volume":"6","author":"Osinde","year":"2012","journal-title":"Uganda. J Infect Dev Ctries"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2022.04.038_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1080\/17441692.2015.1074715","article-title":"Mobility among youth in Rakai, Uganda: trends, characteristics, and associations with behavioural risk factors for HIV","volume":"12","author":"Schuyler","year":"2017","journal-title":"Glob Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2022.04.038_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1007\/s11904-018-0383-2","article-title":"Sex differences in HIV infection","volume":"15","author":"Scully","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr HIV\/AIDS Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2022.04.038_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2020.01.014","article-title":"The effect of gender inequality on HIV incidence in Sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"182","author":"Sia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2022.04.038_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0b013e3182080860","article-title":"Concurrent sexual partnerships and human immunodeficiency virus risk among South African youth","volume":"38","author":"Steffenson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2022.04.038_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000002037","article-title":"Age-disparate partnerships and incident HIV infection in adolescent girls and young women in rural South Africa","volume":"33","author":"Stoner","year":"2019","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2022.04.038_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1177\/0956462415592325","article-title":"The generational effect on age disparate partnerships and the risk for human immunodeficiency virus and sexually transmitted infections acquisition","volume":"27","author":"Street","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J STD AIDS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2022.04.038_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1945","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00806-13","article-title":"Analytical evaluation of GeneXpert CT\/NG, the first genetic point-of-care assay for simultaneous detection of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis","volume":"51","author":"Tabrizi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2022.04.038_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60779-4","article-title":"Effect of concurrent sexual partnerships on rate of new HIV infections in a high-prevalence, rural South African population: a cohort study","volume":"378","author":"Tanser","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2022.04.038_bib0043","series-title":"UNAIDS terminology guidelines","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2022.04.038_bib0044","series-title":"2020 Global AIDS Update \u2060\u2014 seizing the moment \u2060\u2014 tackling entrenched inequalities to end epidemics","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2022.04.038_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0b013e3181723d93","article-title":"Separation of spouses due to travel and living apart raises HIV risk in Tanzanian couples","volume":"35","author":"Vissers","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2022.04.038_bib0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1204","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-018-6118-x","article-title":"Factors associated with testing for HIV in people aged \u226550 years: a qualitative study","volume":"18","author":"Youssef","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1201971222002405?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1201971222002405?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]],"date-time":"2025-10-22T08:08:29Z","timestamp":1761120509000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1201971222002405"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]},"references-count":45,"alternative-id":["S1201971222002405"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijid.2022.04.038","relation":{},"ISSN":["1201-9712"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1201-9712","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Sexual partnership concurrency and age disparities associated with sexually transmitted infection and risk behavior in rural communities in Kenya and Uganda","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"International Journal of Infectious Diseases","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijid.2022.04.038","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of International Society for Infectious Diseases.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}