{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T21:20:03Z","timestamp":1790716803225,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,1]],"date-time":"2022-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669852800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,1]],"date-time":"2022-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669852800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,26]],"date-time":"2022-10-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666742400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004423","name":"WHO","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004423","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001322","name":"South African Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","ijidonline.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["International Journal of Infectious Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2022.10.036","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,5]],"date-time":"2022-11-05T19:56:43Z","timestamp":1667678203000},"page":"241-249","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"special_numbering":"C","title":["High prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in pregnant women after the second wave of infections in the inner-city of Johannesburg, Gauteng Province, South Africa"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"125","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3845-4863","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shobna","family":"Sawry","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean","family":"Le Roux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9526-0133","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicole","family":"Wolter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philile","family":"Mbatha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinal","family":"Bhiman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Balkus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0243-7455","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anne","family":"von Gottberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheryl","family":"Cohen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Chersich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Malolo","family":"Kekana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thatcher","family":"Ndlovu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angela","family":"Shipalana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wendy","family":"Mthimunye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1503-2016","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Faeezah","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hermien","family":"Gous","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sibongile","family":"Walaza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4395-347X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefano","family":"Tempia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1442-6734","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helen","family":"Rees","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5327-1734","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lee","family":"Fairlie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2022.10.036_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0913-5","article-title":"A serological assay to detect SARS-CoV-2 seroconversion in humans","volume":"26","author":"Amanat","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2022.10.036_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.9970","article-title":"Associations of vaccination and of prior infection with positive PCR test results for SARS-CoV-2 in airline passengers arriving in Qatar","volume":"326","author":"Bertollini","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2022.10.036_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1002\/ijgo.13917","article-title":"Maternal characteristics and pregnancy outcomes of hospitalized pregnant women with SARS-CoV-2 infection in South Africa: an International Network of Obstetric Survey Systems-Based Cohort Study","volume":"155","author":"Budhram","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Gynaecol Obstet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2022.10.036_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-199609000-00030","article-title":"How good is that agreement?","volume":"7","author":"Byrt","year":"1996","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2022.10.036_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-021-03784-8","article-title":"SARS-COV-2 infection in pregnant women and newborns in a Spanish cohort (GESNEO-COVID) during the first wave","volume":"21","author":"Carrasco","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2022.10.036_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-021-01651-4","article-title":"IgG antibody response against nucleocapsid and spike protein post-SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"49","author":"Choudhary","year":"2021","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2022.10.036_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1080\/14760584.2021.1949291","article-title":"COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in South Africa: how can we maximize uptake of COVID-19 vaccines?","volume":"20","author":"Cooper","year":"2021","journal-title":"Expert Rev Vaccines"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2022.10.036_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.04.013","article-title":"Coronavirus disease 2019 during pregnancy: a systematic review of reported cases","volume":"223","author":"Della Gatta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2022.10.036_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S507","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000000412","article-title":"Recent HIV prevalence trends among pregnant women and all women in sub-Saharan Africa: implications for HIV estimates","volume":"28","author":"Eaton","year":"2014","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2022.10.036_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.7196\/SAMJ.2020.v110i8.15012","article-title":"COVID-19 in pregnancy in South Africa: tracking the epidemic and defining the natural history","volume":"110","author":"Fairlie","year":"2020","journal-title":"S Afr Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2022.10.036_bib0012","unstructured":"FDA. Wantai SARS-CoV-2 Ab ELISA Test. Instructions for use. https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/media\/140929\/download, 2020 (accessed DD Month YYYY)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2022.10.036_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Frith A. Census 2011. https:\/\/census2011.adrianfrith.com\/place\/798015088, 2011 (accessed 12 January 2022).","DOI":"10.1016\/S0969-4765(11)70136-9"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2022.10.036_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)31833-0","article-title":"Global, regional, and national under-5 mortality, adult mortality, age-specific mortality, and life expectancy, 1970\u20132016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016","volume":"390","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2022.10.036_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1078","DOI":"10.7196\/SAMJ.2021.v111i11.15669","article-title":"Sentinel seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in the Gauteng Province, South Africa August to October 2020","volume":"111","author":"George","year":"2021","journal-title":"S Afr Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2022.10.036_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0212445","article-title":"Improving estimates of district HIV prevalence and burden in South Africa using small area estimation techniques","volume":"14","author":"Gutreuter","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS OnE"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2022.10.036_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2008.08.010","article-title":"Research Electronic Data Capture (REDCap)\u2013a metadata-driven methodology and workflow process for providing translational research informatics support","volume":"42","author":"Harris","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Biomed Inform"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2022.10.036_sbref0018","series-title":"Applied Logistic Regression","author":"Hosmer","year":"2000"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2022.10.036_bib0019","first-page":"1","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence in the Cape Town metropolitan sub-districts after the peak of infections. COVID-19 SPECIAL Public Health Surveillance Bulletin","volume":"18","author":"Hsiao","year":"2020","journal-title":"National Institute of Communicable Diseases"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2022.10.036_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.10.003","article-title":"Prior infection with SARS-CoV-2 boosts and broadens Ad26.COV2.S immunogenicity in a variant-dependent manner","volume":"29","author":"Keeton","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2022.10.036_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.9745\/GHSP-D-16-00013","article-title":"Declining HIV prevalence in parallel with safer sex behaviors in Burkina Faso: evidence from surveillance and population-based surveys","volume":"4","author":"Kirakoya-Samadoulougou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Glob Health Sci Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2022.10.036_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e699","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciab004","article-title":"The duration, dynamics, and determinants of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) antibody responses in individual healthcare workers","volume":"73","author":"Lumley","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2022.10.036_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1186\/1758-2652-14-27","article-title":"Monitoring trends in HIV prevalence among young people, aged 15 to 24 years, in Manicaland, Zimbabwe","volume":"14","author":"Marsh","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Int AIDS Soc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2022.10.036_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e144","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciac077","article-title":"Prolonged shedding of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) at high viral loads among hospitalized immunocompromised persons living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), South Africa","volume":"75","author":"Meiring","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2022.10.036_bib0025","article-title":"Waning antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 \u2013 don't panic","volume":"4","author":"Meyer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Reg Health Eur"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2022.10.036_bib0026","series-title":"National COVID-19 Daily Report","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2022.10.036_bib0007","unstructured":"NDoH. South African National Department of Health. Latest COVID-19 Figures. https:\/\/sacoronavirus.co.za\/, 2021 (accessed 3 March 2022)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2022.10.036_bib0027","unstructured":"Nordisk N. The diabetes challenge in Johannesburg. https:\/\/www.citieschangingdiabetes.com\/network\/johannesburg.html, 2016 (accessed 30 August 2022)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2022.10.036_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abh3409","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 antibody magnitude and detectability are driven by disease severity, timing, and assay","volume":"7","author":"Peluso","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Adv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2022.10.036_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-017-4344-2","article-title":"At the heart of the problem: health in Johannesburg's inner-city","volume":"17","author":"Rees","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2022.10.036_bib0030","unstructured":"Roche diagnostics, Elecsys\u00ae anti-SARS-CoV-2 fact sheet. https:\/\/diagnostics.roche.com\/global\/en\/products\/params\/elecsys-anti-sars-cov-2.html, 2020 (accessed 8 October 2021)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2022.10.036_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.4103\/ijph.IJPH_151_16","article-title":"HIV prevalence trend from HIV sentinel surveillance over a decade in India: an overview","volume":"62","author":"Sangal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Indian J Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2022.10.036_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2249","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.8259","article-title":"Interpreting diagnostic tests for SARS-CoV-2","volume":"323","author":"Sethuraman","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2022.10.036_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e662","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciac022","article-title":"Necessity of COVID-19 vaccination in previously infected individuals","volume":"75","author":"Shrestha","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2022.10.036_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-021-00728-6","article-title":"COVID-19 vaccine acceptance among pregnant women and mothers of young children: results of a survey in 16 countries","volume":"36","author":"Skjefte","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2022.10.036_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e334","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(21)00072-2","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence, and IgG concentration and Pseudovirus neutralising antibody titres after infection, compared by HIV status: a matched case-control observational study","volume":"8","author":"Spinelli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet HIV"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2022.10.036_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2803.211885","article-title":"Evaluation of commercially available high-throughput SARS-CoV-2 serologic assays for serosurveillance and related applications","volume":"28","author":"Stone","year":"2022","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2022.10.036_bib0037","article-title":"Prevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies among blood donors in Northern Cape, KwaZulu-Natal, Eastern Cape, and Free State provinces of South Africa in January 2021","author":"Sykes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Research Square"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2022.10.036_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2019.11.005","article-title":"The 2017 national antenatal sentinel HIV survey, South Africa, National Department of Health","volume":"91","author":"Woldesenbet","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2022.10.036_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e57","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciac198","article-title":"Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 after the second wave in South Africa in HIV-infected and uninfected persons: a cross-sectional household survey","volume":"75","author":"Wolter","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1201971222005756?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1201971222005756?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]],"date-time":"2025-10-22T08:11:21Z","timestamp":1761120681000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1201971222005756"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"references-count":39,"alternative-id":["S1201971222005756"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijid.2022.10.036","relation":{},"ISSN":["1201-9712"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1201-9712","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"High prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in pregnant women after the second wave of infections in the inner-city of Johannesburg, Gauteng Province, South Africa","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"International Journal of Infectious Diseases","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijid.2022.10.036","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of International Society for Infectious Diseases.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}