{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T16:08:04Z","timestamp":1793203684688,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]],"date-time":"2025-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740787200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]],"date-time":"2025-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740787200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,27]],"date-time":"2025-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737936000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.com","ijidonline.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["International Journal of Infectious Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.107809","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,30]],"date-time":"2025-01-30T22:30:52Z","timestamp":1738276252000},"page":"107809","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Recurrence of microfilaraemia after triple-drug therapy for lymphatic filariasis in Samoa: Recrudescence or reinfection?"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"152","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3462-4324","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helen J.","family":"Mayfield","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ramona","family":"Muttucumaru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6761-2325","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benn","family":"Sartorius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Sheridan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7776-8419","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Selina","family":"Ward","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8264-0153","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beatris Mario","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7499-7662","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shannon M.","family":"Hedtke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Thomsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4829-8403","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Satupaitea","family":"Viali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Glen","family":"Fatupaito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Colleen L.","family":"Lau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5215-3901","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patricia M.","family":"Graves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.107809_bib0001","unstructured":"World Health Organization, Global programme to eliminate lymphatic filariasis: progress report, 2023. 2024. 99, 565\u2013576. Available at: https:\/\/iris.who.int\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/379118\/WER9940-eng-fre.pdf?sequence=1. (Accessed 13 February 2025)."},{"issue":"9747","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.107809_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)60586-7","article-title":"Lymphatic filariasis and onchocerciasis","volume":"376","author":"Taylor","year":"2010","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.107809_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1186\/s41182-017-0075-4","article-title":"Overview of PacELF\u2014the Pacific programme for the elimination of lymphatic filariasis","volume":"45","author":"Ichimori","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trop Med Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.107809_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1517\/14656566.6.2.179","article-title":"Treatment strategies underpinning the global programme to eliminate lymphatic filariasis","volume":"6","author":"Gyapong","year":"2005","journal-title":"Expert Opin Pharmacother"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.107809_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-022-05268-w","article-title":"A refined and updated health impact assessment of the Global Programme to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis (2000\u20132020)","volume":"15","author":"Turner","year":"2022","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"issue":"Suppl_1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.107809_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S10","DOI":"10.1093\/inthealth\/ihaa087","article-title":"Progress in the elimination of lymphatic filariasis in the Western Pacific Region: successes and challenges","volume":"13","author":"Yajima","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.107809_bib0007","unstructured":"World Health Organization, Guideline: alternative mass drug administrations to eliminate lymphatic filariasis. 2017. Available from: https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/259381\/9789241550161-eng.pdf. (Accessed 13 February 2025)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.107809_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(05)61010-X","article-title":"Lymphatic filariasis: treatment, control and elimination","volume":"61","author":"Ottesen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Adv Parasitol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.107809_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ882","article-title":"Efficacy, safety, and pharmacokinetics of coadministered diethylcarbamazine, albendazole, and ivermectin for treatment of bancroftian filariasis","volume":"62","author":"Thomsen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.107809_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1801","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1706854","article-title":"A trial of a triple-drug treatment for lymphatic filariasis","volume":"379","author":"King","year":"2018","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.107809_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1956","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc1914262","article-title":"Single-dose triple-drug therapy for Wuchereria bancrofti\u20145-year follow-up","volume":"382","author":"King","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.107809_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1200","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(22)00026-3","article-title":"Mass drug administration of ivermectin, diethylcarbamazine, plus albendazole compared with diethylcarbamazine plus albendazole for reduction of lymphatic filariasis endemicity in Papua New Guinea: a cluster-randomised trial","volume":"22","author":"Laman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.107809_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciab202","article-title":"Individual efficacy and community impact of ivermectin, diethylcarbamazine, and Albendazole Mass Drug Administration for Lymphatic Filariasis Control in Fiji: a cluster randomized trial","volume":"73","author":"Hardy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.107809_bib0014","first-page":"44","article-title":"Triple-drug treatment is effective for lymphatic filariasis microfilaria clearance in Samoa","volume":"6","author":"Graves","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trop Med Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.107809_bib0015","unstructured":"Samoa Bureau of Statistics, 2016 census projection 2016: Apia."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.107809_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2021.03.002","article-title":"Control and elimination of lymphatic filariasis in Oceania: prevalence, geographical distribution, mass drug administration, and surveillance in Samoa, 1998-2017","volume":"114","author":"Graves","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv Parasitol"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.107809_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008854","article-title":"A community survey of coverage and adverse events following country-wide triple-drug mass drug administration for lymphatic filariasis elimination, Samoa 2018","volume":"14","author":"Willis","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.107809_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30053-0","article-title":"Measles epidemic in Samoa and other Pacific islands","volume":"20","author":"Craig","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.107809_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008927","article-title":"Lymphatic filariasis epidemiology in Samoa in 2018: geographic clustering and higher antigen prevalence in older age groups","volume":"14","author":"Lau","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.107809_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed9120311","article-title":"Epidemiology of lymphatic filariasis antigen and microfilaria in Samoa, 2019: 7\u20139 months post triple-drug mass administration","volume":"9","author":"Mayfield","year":"2024","journal-title":"Trop Med Infect Dis"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.107809_bib0021","first-page":"203","article-title":"Evaluating molecular xenomonitoring as a tool for lymphatic filariasis surveillance in Samoa, 2018\u20132019","volume":"7","author":"McPherson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trop Med Infect"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.107809_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012236","article-title":"Ongoing transmission of lymphatic filariasis in Samoa 4.5 years after one round of triple-drug mass drug administration","volume":"18","author":"Mayfield","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.107809_bib0023","article-title":"Benefit of targeted sampling for lymphatic filariasis surveillance in Samoa depends on antigen prevalence","author":"Mayfield","year":"2024","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.107809_bib0024","series-title":"Monitoring and epidemiological assessment of mass drug administration in the global programme to eliminate lymphatic filariasis: a manual for national elimination programmes","year":"2011"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.107809_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005914","article-title":"Detecting and confirming residual hotspots of lymphatic filariasis transmission in American Samoa 8 years after stopping mass drug administration","volume":"11","author":"Lau","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.107809_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12070971","article-title":"Assessing Onchocerca volvulus intensity of infection and genetic diversity using mitochondrial genome sequencing of single microfilariae obtained before and after ivermectin treatment","volume":"12","author":"Hedtke","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.107809_bib0027","first-page":"105","article-title":"Distinguishing recrudescence from reinfection in lymphatic filariasis","author":"Choi","year":"2024","journal-title":"eBioMedicine"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1201971225000335?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1201971225000335?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,4]],"date-time":"2025-03-04T10:04:54Z","timestamp":1741082694000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1201971225000335"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"references-count":27,"alternative-id":["S1201971225000335"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.107809","relation":{},"ISSN":["1201-9712"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1201-9712","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Recurrence of microfilaraemia after triple-drug therapy for lymphatic filariasis in Samoa: Recrudescence or reinfection?","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"International Journal of Infectious Diseases","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.107809","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of International Society for Infectious Diseases.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"107809"}}