{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T01:01:06Z","timestamp":1789520466792,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]],"date-time":"2025-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759708800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014976","name":"Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014976","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","ijidonline.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["International Journal of Infectious Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.108109","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]],"date-time":"2025-10-17T00:40:03Z","timestamp":1760661603000},"page":"108109","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Systematic review of antimycobacterial therapy for Bacille Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin infection in hosts without significant immunocompromise"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"161","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9698-4299","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emma C.","family":"Carter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victoria","family":"Simpson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tilly","family":"Fox","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea M.","family":"Collins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen B.","family":"Gordon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniela M.","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ben","family":"Morton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.108109_bib0001","series-title":"Medical Microbiology Program, Oman Medical Specialty Board, Muscat 132","article-title":"The spectrum of bacille Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin diseases in children - a decade of data from neonatal vaccination settings (no. 2)","author":"Al Busaidi","year":"2021"},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.108109_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000000119","article-title":"Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin (BCG) infection following intravesical BCG administration as adjunctive therapy for bladder cancer: incidence, risk factors, and outcome in a single-institution series and review of the literature","volume":"93","author":"P\u00e9rez-Jacoiste As\u00edn","year":"2014","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.108109_bib0003","unstructured":"B. A. o. U. Surgeons, ``BCG instillation into the bladder for immunotherapy: patient information leaflet,'' 2024."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.108109_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R. Waked, J. Choucair, N. Chehata, E. Haddad, and G. Saliba, Intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin (BCG) treatment's severe complications: A single institution review of incidence, presentation and treatment outcome. 2020.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jctube.2020.100149"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.108109_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1180","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201912-2408ED","article-title":"Controlled human infection models: is it really feasible to give people tuberculosis?","volume":"201","author":"McShane","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.108109_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpam.2015.05.003","article-title":"Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin vaccine related lymphadenitis in children: management guidelines endorsed by the Saudi pediatric infectious diseases society (SPIDS)","volume":"2","author":"Elsidig","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Pediat Adolesc Med"},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.108109_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2757","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2019.03.066","article-title":"The natural course of a localized BCG vaccine abscess","volume":"37","author":"Brummaier","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"36","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.108109_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2015.07.039","article-title":"Management of Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin osteomyelitis\/osteitis in immunocompetent children-A systematic review","volume":"33","author":"Lin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.108109_bib0009","unstructured":"m. P. LLP, ``BCG-medac Powder and solvent for intravesical suspension: Summary of Product Characteristics,'' Updated 05-Jul-2024. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/www.medicines.org.uk\/emc\/product\/15353\/smpc\/print."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.108109_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.05.117","article-title":"Disseminated Bacillus-Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin infections and primary immunodeficiency disorders in singapore: a single center 15-year retrospective review","volume":"97","author":"Ong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.108109_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1086\/499953","article-title":"Bacille Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin vaccine-induced disease in HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected children","volume":"42","author":"Hesseling","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.108109_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diii.2012.09.001","article-title":"Multiparametric MRI features of granulomatous prostatitis and tubercular prostate abscess","volume":"94","author":"Bour","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diagnos Intervent Imag"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.108109_bib0013","series-title":"WHO consolidated guidelines on tuberculosis: Module 4: treatment - drug-resistant tuberculosis treatment, 2022 update","author":"Organisation","year":"2022"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.108109_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1086\/513642","article-title":"Disseminated bacille Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin disease after vaccination: case report and review","volume":"24","author":"Talbot","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.108109_bib0015","article-title":"Novel systematic review methods: flexibility in an evolving field","author":"Tilly","year":"2024","journal-title":"Doctoral dissertation, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.108109_bib0016","article-title":"Rayyan \u2014 a web and mobile app for systematic reviews","volume":"5","author":"Mourad Ouzzani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Systemat Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.108109_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/frma.2021.675071","article-title":"Development of a methodological quality criteria list for observational studies: the observational study quality evaluation","volume":"6","author":"Drukker","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Res Metr Anal"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.108109_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1445-2197.1998.tb04768.x","article-title":"Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) immunotherapy for bladder cancer: review of complications and their treatment","volume":"68","author":"Paterson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Aus New Zealand J Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.108109_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1086\/344908","article-title":"Spectrum of bacille Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin (BCG) infection after intravesical BCG immunotherapy","volume":"36","author":"Gonzalez","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.108109_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1136","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix496","article-title":"Healthcare-associated mycobacterium Bovis-Bacille Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin (BCG) infection in cancer patients without prior BCG instillation","volume":"65","author":"Meije","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.108109_bib0021","first-page":"417","article-title":"Osteitis caused by bacille Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin vaccination: an emergent problem in Chile?","volume":"1","author":"Castro-Rodr\u00edguez","year":"1997","journal-title":"Int J Tuberculosis Lung Dis"},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.108109_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e145","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.M.01186","article-title":"Primary epiphyseal osteomyelitis caused by mycobacterium species in otherwise healthy toddlers","volume":"96","author":"Yoo","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.108109_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e77","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000002981","article-title":"Bacille Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin vaccine-induced osteomyelitis in immunocompetent children: a 10-year case series in Lithuania","volume":"40","author":"Miseviciene","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediat Infect Dis J"},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.108109_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000000119","article-title":"Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin (BCG) infection following intravesical BCG administration as adjunctive therapy for bladder cancer: incidence, risk factors, and outcome in a single-institution series and review of the literature","volume":"93","author":"P\u00e9rez-Jacoiste As\u00edn","year":"2014","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.108109_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.4103\/0255-0857.142254","article-title":"Disseminated Bacillus Calmette-Guerin infections after intravesical therapy","volume":"32","author":"Gerogianni","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ind J Med Microbiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.108109_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2016.04.006","article-title":"Differences between a probable and proven BCG infection following intravesical instillations: 16 years\u2019 experience in a tertiary care hospital","volume":"85","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Del Vecchio","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diagnos Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"issue":"2-3","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.108109_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1080\/21681805.2019.1609080","article-title":"A retrospective study on tolerability and complications of bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin (BCG) instillations for non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer","volume":"53","author":"Nummi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Scandinavian J Urol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.108109_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clgc.2024.102271","article-title":"A clinical case series of BCGosis as a Rare Complication of intravesical BCG","volume":"23","author":"Inauen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin Genitourin Cancer"},{"issue":"28","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.108109_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4046","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2018.05.098","article-title":"Clinical features and outcomes of Bacille Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin (BCG)-induced diseases following neonatal BCG Tokyo-172 strain immunization","volume":"36","author":"Rermruay","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.108109_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2019.34.e3","article-title":"Mycobacterium Bovis Osteitis following immunization with Bacille Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin (BCG) in Korea","volume":"34","author":"Choi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Korean Med Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.108109_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4072","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-61152-6","article-title":"Long-term follow-up of osteomyelitis caused by Bacille Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin vaccination in immunocompetent children","volume":"10","author":"Tsai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Scientific Rep"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.108109_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2021.09.007","article-title":"Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin (BCG) osteomyelitis among children: experience in a single tertiary center in central Taiwan","volume":"55","author":"Low","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Microbiol, Immunol Infect"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.108109_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.47102\/annals-acadmedsg.202449","article-title":"Isolated remote site musculoskeletal Mycobacterium Bovis infections after BCG immunisation in immunocompetent children","volume":"53","author":"Fong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Annals Acad Med, Singapore"},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.108109_bib0034","first-page":"236","article-title":"Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin (BCG) infection following intravesical bcg administration as adjunctive therapy for bladder cancer incidence, risk factors, and outcome in a single-institution series and review of the literature","volume":"93","author":"As\u00edn","year":"2014","journal-title":"Medicine (United States)"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.108109_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1177\/0897190016636533","article-title":"Mycobacterium Bovis cerebellar abscess following treatment with Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin","volume":"30","author":"Sheron","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Pharm Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.108109_bib0036","series-title":"Mycobacterial brain tuberculomas due to Bacille Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin intravesical chemotherapy for bladder cancer: a case report and literature review (no. 3)","author":"Golub","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.108109_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M.-E. Parent, M. Richer, and P. Liang, The first case of bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin-induced small-vessel central nervous system vasculitis (no. 8). 2018.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-018-4136-9"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.108109_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1111\/ceo.12252","article-title":"Ocular involvement following Bacillus Calmette-Guerin immunotherapy for bladder carcinoma","volume":"42","author":"Cugati","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Experiment Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.108109_bib0039","first-page":"373","article-title":"A case of Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin (BCG) strain meningitis and ventriculitis following BCG vaccination","volume":"100","author":"Furuichi","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.108109_bib0040","unstructured":"Y. W. Yoo WonJoon et al., Primary epiphyseal osteomyelitis caused by Mycobacterium species in otherwise healthy toddlers (no. 17). Division of Pediatric Orthopaedics, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, 110-744 Seoul, Korea Republic: Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery Incorporated, 2014."},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.108109_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1159\/000052378","article-title":"Sensitivity of BCG to modern antibiotics","volume":"37","author":"Durek","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur Urol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.108109_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2019.34.e3","article-title":"Mycobacterium bovis osteitis following immunization with Bacille Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin (BCG) in Korea","volume":"34","author":"Choi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Korean Med Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.108109_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2018.11.042","article-title":"Clinical manifestations, management, and outcomes of osteitis\/osteomyelitis caused by mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin in children: comparison by site(s) of affected bones","volume":"207","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Pediat"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.108109_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/172.2.574","article-title":"Osteitis caused by bacille Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin vaccination: a retrospective analysis of 222 cases","volume":"172","author":"Kr\u00f6ger","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.108109_bib0045","unstructured":"M. S. D. U. Limited, \"OncoTICE Powder for instillation fluid for intravesical use Summary of Product Characteristics,\" Updated 10-Feb-2021. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/www.medicines.org.uk\/emc\/product\/1049\/smpc\/print."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.108109_bib0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-016-1555-2","article-title":"How to select outcome measurement instruments for outcomes included in a \u201cCore Outcome Set\u201d \u2013 a practical guideline","volume":"17","author":"Prinsen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trials"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1201971225003315?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1201971225003315?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T13:06:17Z","timestamp":1780664777000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1201971225003315"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"references-count":46,"alternative-id":["S1201971225003315"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.108109","relation":{},"ISSN":["1201-9712"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1201-9712","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Systematic review of antimycobacterial therapy for Bacille Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin infection in hosts without significant immunocompromise","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"International Journal of Infectious Diseases","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.108109","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of International Society for Infectious Diseases.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"108109"}}