{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T10:50:39Z","timestamp":1782903039342,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760140800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007601","name":"Horizon 2020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007601","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","ijidonline.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["International Journal of Infectious Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.108129","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]],"date-time":"2025-10-17T00:40:22Z","timestamp":1760661622000},"page":"108129","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Research on post-COVID syndrome: current gaps and future perspectives"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"161","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6018-5295","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisa","family":"Gentilotti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"G\u00f3rska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evelina","family":"Tacconelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.108129_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)65088-2","article-title":"A post-graduate lecture on the nervous sequelae of influenza","volume":"142","author":"Gowers","year":"1893","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.108129_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-022-01810-6","article-title":"Unexplained post-acute infection syndromes","volume":"28","author":"Choutka","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.108129_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1946","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(01)06961-6","article-title":"Predictions and associations of fatigue syndromes and mood disorders that occur after infectious mononucleosis","volume":"358","author":"White","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.108129_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.38933.585764.AE","article-title":"Post-infective and chronic fatigue syndromes precipitated by viral and non-viral pathogens: prospective cohort study","volume":"333","author":"Hickie","year":"2006","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.108129_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2011.06.016","article-title":"Chronic fatigue syndrome, the immune system and viral infection","volume":"26","author":"Bansal","year":"2012","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.108129_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(25)00286-3","article-title":"The walking wounded: sepsis survivors grapple with post-sepsis syndrome","volume":"13","author":"Duda","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.108129_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e102","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(21)00703-9","article-title":"WHO Clinical Case Definition Working Group on Post-COVID-19 Condition. A clinical case definition of post-COVID-19 condition by a Delphi consensus","volume":"22","author":"Soriano","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.108129_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjebm-2023-112338","article-title":"How methodological pitfalls have created widespread misunderstanding about long COVID","volume":"29","author":"H\u00f8eg","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMJ Evid Based Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.108129_bib0009","unstructured":"Orchestra (Connecting European Cohorts to Increase Common and Effective Response to SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic), https:\/\/orchestra-cohort.eu\/; n.d. [accessed 05 June 2024]."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.108129_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-023-08595-0","article-title":"EuCARE-POSTCOVID Study: a multicentre cohort study on long-term post-COVID-19 manifestations","volume":"23","author":"Varisco","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.108129_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0286297","article-title":"Researching COVID to Enhance Recovery (RECOVER) adult study protocol: rationale, objectives, and design","volume":"18","author":"Horwitz","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.108129_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/eci.13989","article-title":"The definition of long COVID used in interventional studies","volume":"53","author":"Haslam","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Investig"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.108129_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-71475-3","article-title":"Chemosensory assessment and impact on quality of life in neurosensorial cluster of the post COVID 19 syndrome","volume":"14","author":"Gentilotti","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.108129_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1813","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-024-02226-9","article-title":"Definition of the post-COVID syndrome using a symptom-based post-COVID score in a prospective, multi-center, cross-sectoral cohort of the German National Pandemic Cohort Network (NAPKON)","volume":"52","author":"Appel","year":"2024","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.108129_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1746","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsb2408466","article-title":"National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Committee on Examining the Working Definition for Long Covid. Long covid defined","volume":"391","author":"Ely","year":"2024","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.108129_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2023.05.003","article-title":"Characterization of post-COVID syndromes by symptom cluster and time period up to 12 months post-infection: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"134","author":"Kuodi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.108129_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2022.02.018","article-title":"ESCMID rapid guidelines for assessment and management of long COVID","volume":"28","author":"Yelin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.108129_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.102107","article-title":"Clinical phenotypes and quality of life to define post-COVID-19 syndrome: a cluster analysis of the multinational, prospective Orchestra cohort","volume":"62","author":"Gentilotti","year":"2023","journal-title":"EClinicalmedicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.108129_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2023-082441","article-title":"Effectiveness and tolerance of exercise interventions for long COVID: a systematic review of randomised controlled trials","volume":"15","author":"McDowell","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.108129_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.14.05025","article-title":"Effects of rehabilitation interventions for old adults with long COVID: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials","volume":"14","author":"Deng","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Glob Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.108129_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/17534666251323482","article-title":"Effect of pulmonary rehabilitation for patients with long COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"19","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ther Adv Respir Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.108129_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-025-08968-7","article-title":"Comparison of telemedicine-assisted psychotherapy, exercise therapy, or a combination of both in patients with post-COVID-19 syndrome (TelPoCo): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial","volume":"26","author":"Beyer","year":"2025","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.108129_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-025-08842-6","article-title":"Respiratory biofeedback and psycho-education for patients with post COVID- 19 symptoms and bodily distress: study protocol of the randomized, controlled explorative intervention trial POSITIV","volume":"26","author":"Dinse","year":"2025","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.108129_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-024-08554-3","volume":"25","author":"Vanova","year":"2024","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.108129_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0321811","article-title":"ARACOV-02. Specialized nutritional intervention and telerehabilitation in patients with long COVID: protocol of a randomized controlled trial","volume":"20","author":"Carpallo-Porcar","year":"2025","journal-title":"PLOS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.108129_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2024-085525","article-title":"Effects of yoga compared with health promotion on health-related quality of life in adults with post-COVID-19 condition: protocol for a randomised controlled trial","volume":"14","author":"Brod\u00e9n","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.108129_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2024-094526","article-title":"Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal) for promoting recovery in long covid: protocol for a randomised placebo-controlled clinical trial (APRIL Trial)","volume":"15","author":"Mallinson","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.108129_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0319459","article-title":"Kyungok-go for fatigue in patients with long COVID: double-blind, randomized, multicenter, pilot clinical study protocol","volume":"20","author":"Yoon","year":"2025","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.108129_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-025-09008-0","volume":"26","author":"Weipert","year":"2025","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.108129_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04569-5","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 is associated with changes in brain structure in UK Biobank","volume":"604","author":"Douaud","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.108129_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-023-02166-3","article-title":"The FAIR Cookbook - the essential resource for and by FAIR doers","volume":"10","author":"Rocca-Serra","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Data"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.108129_bib0032","unstructured":"Cohort Coordination Board (CCB). https:\/\/cohortcoordinationboard.eu\/; n.d. [accessed 05 June 2024]."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.108129_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v081.i04","article-title":"LMest: an R package for latent Markov models for longitudinal categorical data","volume":"81","author":"Bartolucci","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Stat Softw"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.108129_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e712","DOI":"10.1016\/S2589-7500(23)00129-2","article-title":"FAIR, ethical, and coordinated data sharing for COVID-19 response: a scoping review and cross-sectional survey of COVID-19 data sharing platforms and registries","volume":"5","author":"Maxwell","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Digit Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.108129_bib0035","article-title":"Challenges of data sharing in European Covid-19 projects: a learning opportunity for advancing pandemic preparedness and response","volume":"21","author":"Tacconelli","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Reg Health Eur"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.108129_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-022-00620-x","article-title":"Harmonization and standardization of data for a pan-European cohort on SARS- CoV-2 pandemic","volume":"5","author":"Rinaldi","year":"2022","journal-title":"NPJ Digit Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.108129_bib0037","article-title":"Federated machine learning in healthcare: A systematic review on clinical applications and technical architecture","volume":"5","author":"Teo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell. Rep Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.108129_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-023-02167-2","article-title":"FAIR in action - a flexible framework to guide FAIRification","volume":"10","author":"Welter","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Data"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.108129_bib0039","year":"2023","journal-title":"From emergency response to long-term COVID-19 disease management: sustaining gains made during the COVID-19 pandemic"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1201971225003510?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1201971225003510?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T13:05:57Z","timestamp":1780664757000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1201971225003510"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"references-count":39,"alternative-id":["S1201971225003510"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.108129","relation":{},"ISSN":["1201-9712"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1201-9712","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Research on post-COVID syndrome: current gaps and future perspectives","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"International Journal of Infectious Diseases","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.108129","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of International Society for Infectious Diseases.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"108129"}}