{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T06:27:51Z","timestamp":1788157671170,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]],"date-time":"2025-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760400000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Foundation for Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UID\/04413\/2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/04413\/2025"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Foundation for Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LA\/P\/0117\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0117\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Foundation for Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UID\/04413\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/04413\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Foundation for Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UI\/BD\/151069\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UI\/BD\/151069\/2021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","ijidonline.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["International Journal of Infectious Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.108135","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,18]],"date-time":"2025-10-18T16:01:14Z","timestamp":1760803274000},"page":"108135","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Association between sickle cell trait and Plasmodium falciparum infection: evidence for age-specific protection in a cross-sectional study in Guinea-Bissau"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"161","author":[{"given":"Ronise","family":"Silva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amab\u00e9lia","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana Paula","family":"Arez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M\u00e1rcia M.","family":"Medeiros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.108135_bib0001","series-title":"World malaria report 2024: addressing inequity in the global malaria response","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.108135_bib0002","series-title":"WHO technical brief for countries preparing malaria funding requests for the Global Fund (2020\u20132022)","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.108135_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.587933","article-title":"Host-malaria parasite interactions and impacts on mutual evolution","volume":"10","author":"Su","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.108135_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0209966","article-title":"Genetic polymorphisms with erythrocyte traits in malaria endemic areas of Mali","volume":"14","author":"Traore","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.108135_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-14627-y","article-title":"Hemoglobin variants shape the distribution of malaria parasites in human populations and their transmission potential","volume":"7","author":"Gon\u00e7alves","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.108135_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3523","DOI":"10.1097\/MS9.0000000000003270","article-title":"Thalassemia in sub-Saharan Africa: epidemiology, diagnosis, and management \u2013 a narrative review","volume":"87","author":"Obeagu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann Med Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.108135_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s43856-025-00954-z","article-title":"Clinical manifestations of sickle cell disease in Africa and its association with foetal haemoglobin parameters","volume":"5","author":"Amuzu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Commun Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.108135_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1104","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms1104","article-title":"Global distribution of the sickle cell gene and geographical confirmation of the malaria hypothesis","volume":"1","author":"Piel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.108135_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-020-01557-2","article-title":"Caring for Africa\u2019s sickle cell children: will we rise to the challenge?","volume":"18","author":"Oron","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.108135_bib0010","first-page":"1","article-title":"Sickle cell trait and sudden death","volume":"4","author":"Mitchell","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sport Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.108135_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.4857.290","article-title":"Protection afforded by sickle-cell trait against subtertian malarial infection","volume":"1","author":"Allison","year":"1954","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.108135_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kws323","article-title":"Sickle cell trait protects against Plasmodium falciparum infection","volume":"176","author":"Billo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.108135_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.9734\/BJMMR\/2013\/2427","article-title":"HbS protection from P. falciparum infection","volume":"3","author":"Eridani","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br J Med Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.108135_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2010.08.001","article-title":"Influence of haemoglobins S and C on predominantly asymptomatic Plasmodium infections in northern Ghana","volume":"104","author":"Danquah","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.108135_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-024-05138-z","article-title":"Assessing the burden of submicroscopic Plasmodium infections in a pre-elimination malaria setting in sub-Saharan Africa, Guinea-Bissau","volume":"23","author":"Silva","year":"2024","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.108135_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2022.826262","article-title":"Distribution of HbS allele and haplotypes in a multi-ethnic population of Guinea Bissau, West Africa: implications for public health screening","volume":"10","author":"Martella","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.108135_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1080\/03630260600755385","article-title":"Inherited hemoglobin disorders in Guinea-Bissau, West Africa: a population study","volume":"30","author":"Masmas","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hemoglobin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.108135_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.30009","article-title":"Point-of-care testing allows successful simultaneous screening of sickle cell disease, HIV, and tuberculosis for households in rural Guinea-Bissau, West Africa","volume":"69","author":"Menzato","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pediatr Blood Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.108135_bib0019","series-title":"Household Survey Indicators for Malaria Control. MEASURE DHS, President\u2019s Malaria Initiative, Roll Back Malaria Partnership, UNICEF, World Health Organization","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.108135_bib0020","series-title":"Haemoglobin concentrations for the diagnosis of anaemia and assessment of severity. Vitamin and Mineral Nutrition Information System","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.108135_bib0021","article-title":"Single tube genotyping of sickle cell anaemia using PCR-based SNP analysis","volume":"29","author":"Waterfall","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.108135_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.2147\/JBM.S406196","article-title":"A critical review of sickle cell disease burden and challenges in sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"14","author":"Adigwe","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Blood Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.108135_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3026(22)00004-7","article-title":"Estimating the risk of child mortality attributable to sickle cell anaemia in sub-Saharan Africa: a retrospective, multicentre, case-control study","volume":"9","author":"Ranque","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Haematol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.108135_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-0039.2008.01147.x","article-title":"HLA-A polymorphisms in four ethnic groups from Guinea-Bissau (West Africa) inferred from sequence-based typing","volume":"72","author":"Sp\u00ednola","year":"2008","journal-title":"Tissue Antigens"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.108135_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-12-317","article-title":"Biochemical and immunological mechanisms by which sickle cell trait protects against malaria","volume":"12","author":"Gong","year":"2013","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.108135_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.9734\/IJTDH\/2012\/1762","article-title":"Association between sickle cell trait and low density parasitaemia in a P. falciparum malaria holoendemic region of Western Kenya","volume":"2","author":"Otieno","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Trop Dis Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.108135_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4084\/mjhid.2012.065","article-title":"Sickle cell anaemia and malaria","volume":"4","author":"Luzzatto","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mediterr J Hematol Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.108135_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1179\/1607845413Y.0000000113","article-title":"Comparative haematological parameters of HbAA and HbAS genotype children infected with Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Yemen","volume":"19","author":"Albiti","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hematology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.108135_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-063369","article-title":"Contribution of malaria and sickle cell disease to anaemia among children aged 6-59 months in Nigeria: a cross-sectional study using data from the 2018 Demographic and Health Survey","volume":"12","author":"Chao","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.108135_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)08273-9","article-title":"Protective effects of the sickle cell gene against malaria morbidity and mortality","volume":"359","author":"Aidoo","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lancet"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1201971225003571?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1201971225003571?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T13:03:22Z","timestamp":1780664602000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1201971225003571"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"references-count":30,"alternative-id":["S1201971225003571"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.108135","relation":{},"ISSN":["1201-9712"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1201-9712","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Association between sickle cell trait and Plasmodium falciparum infection: evidence for age-specific protection in a cross-sectional study in Guinea-Bissau","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"International Journal of Infectious Diseases","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.108135","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of International Society for Infectious Diseases.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"108135"}}