{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T19:38:30Z","timestamp":1783021110120,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,20]],"date-time":"2025-11-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763596800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006310","name":"Medicinska Forskningsr\u00e5det","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006310","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006189","name":"Direkt\u00f6r\u00a0Albert P\u00e5hlssons Stiftelse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006189","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004359","name":"Swedish Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004359","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002794","name":"Swedish Cancer Society","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002794","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012538","name":"Swedish Cancer Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012538","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","ijidonline.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["International Journal of Infectious Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.108241","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,22]],"date-time":"2025-11-22T23:39:47Z","timestamp":1763854787000},"page":"108241","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Objective family burden of diabetes is associated with increased risk of hospital diagnosis of covid-19: A prospective cohort study from the Malm\u00f6 diet and cancer study"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"163","author":[{"given":"A","family":"Zwawi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P","family":"Sw\u00e4rd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P","family":"W\u00e4ndell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"AC","family":"Carlsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"O","family":"Melander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"PM","family":"Nilsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T","family":"Ruge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"10467","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.108241_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2077","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)02317-1","article-title":"Worldwide trends in diabetes prevalence and treatment from 1990 to 2022: a pooled analysis of 1108 population-representative studies with 141 million participants","volume":"404","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"10397","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.108241_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)01301-6","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of diabetes from 1990 to 2021, with projections of prevalence to 2050: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021","volume":"402","author":"Ong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.108241_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2018.02.023","article-title":"IDF Diabetes Atlas: global estimates of diabetes prevalence for 2017 and projections for 2045","volume":"138","author":"Cho","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.108241_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2019.107843","article-title":"Global and regional diabetes prevalence estimates for 2019 and projections for 2030 and 2045: results from the International Diabetes Federation Diabetes Atlas","volume":"157","author":"Saeedi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.108241_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/MRM.0000000000000155","article-title":"The diabetes pandemic and associated infections: suggestions for clinical microbiology","volume":"30","author":"Toniolo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rev Res Med Microbiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.108241_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1168","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-024-06102-x","article-title":"Diabetes and infection: review of the epidemiology, mechanisms and principles of treatment","volume":"67","author":"Holt","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.108241_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2020.05.014","article-title":"Diabetes as a risk factor for greater COVID-19 severity and in-hospital death: a meta-analysis of observational studies","volume":"30","author":"Mantovani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.108241_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.04.018","article-title":"Diabetes mellitus is associated with increased mortality and severity of disease in COVID-19 pneumonia\u2013a systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression","volume":"14","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Syndr: Clin Res Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.108241_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1111\/1753-0407.13243","article-title":"Prevalence and impact of diabetes in hospitalized COVID-19 patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Bradley","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.108241_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2840-1-1","article-title":"How hyperglycemia promotes atherosclerosis: molecular mechanisms","volume":"1","author":"Aronson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.108241_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1630","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2022.04.004","article-title":"Atherosclerosis: recent developments","volume":"185","author":"Bj\u00f6rkegren","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.108241_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2015432","article-title":"Pulmonary vascular endothelialitis, thrombosis, and angiogenesis in Covid-19","volume":"383","author":"Ackermann","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.108241_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1416","DOI":"10.2337\/dc20-0643","article-title":"Exploring diseases\/traits and blood proteins causally related to expression of ACE2, the putative receptor of SARS-CoV-2: a Mendelian randomization analysis highlights tentative relevance of diabetes-related traits","volume":"43","author":"Rao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.108241_bib0014","first-page":"4540","article-title":"Mechanisms influencing the high prevalence of COVID-19 in diabetics: a systematic review","volume":"11","author":"Jain","year":"2023","journal-title":"Med Res Arch"},{"issue":"8003","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.108241_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-07019-6","article-title":"Genetic drivers of heterogeneity in type 2 diabetes pathophysiology","volume":"627","author":"Suzuki","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"7614","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.108241_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1038\/nature18642","article-title":"The genetic architecture of type 2 diabetes","volume":"536","author":"Fuchsberger","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.108241_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/s13073-020-00819-1","article-title":"Family history assessment significantly enhances delivery of precision medicine in the genomics era","volume":"13","author":"Bylstra","year":"2021","journal-title":"Genome Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.108241_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2014.11","article-title":"Susceptibility to type 2 diabetes mellitus\u2014from genes to prevention","volume":"10","author":"Hivert","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.108241_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E736","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00124.2020","article-title":"COVID-19 pandemic, coronaviruses, and diabetes mellitus","volume":"18","author":"Muniyappa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Physiol-Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.108241_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2456","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2006.02.045","article-title":"Family history of diabetes is a major determinant of endothelial function","volume":"47","author":"Goldfine","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.108241_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2005.01506.x","article-title":"Endothelial function, insulin action and cardiovascular risk factors in young healthy adult offspring of parents with Type 2 diabetes: effect of vitamin E in a randomized double-blind, controlled clinical trial","volume":"22","author":"McSorley","year":"2005","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.108241_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.110378","article-title":"Could a family history of type 2 diabetes be a risk factor to the endothelial damage in the patient with COVID-19?","volume":"146","author":"Alvarado-Vasquez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med Hypotheses"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.108241_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0061763","article-title":"The risk of type 2 diabetes in men is synergistically affected by parental history of diabetes and overweight","volume":"8","author":"Wikner","year":"2013","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.108241_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/edm2.283","article-title":"Family history of diabetes and risk of SARS-COV-2 in UK Biobank: a prospective cohort study","volume":"4","author":"Jani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Endocrinol Diabetes Metab"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.108241_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1097\/00008469-200112000-00003","article-title":"The Malm\u00f6 Diet and Cancer Study: representativity, cancer incidence and mortality in participants and non-participants","volume":"10","author":"Manjer","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer Prev"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.108241_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2796.1993.tb00647.x","article-title":"Larsson S. Design and feasibility","volume":"233","author":"Berglund","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Intern Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.108241_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.12691\/ajams-8-2-1","article-title":"Detecting multicollinearity in regression analysis","volume":"8","author":"Shrestha","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Appl Math Stat"},{"issue":"7821","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.108241_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2521-4","article-title":"Factors associated with COVID-19-related death using OpenSAFELY","volume":"584","author":"Williamson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.108241_bib0029","article-title":"Endothelial dysfunction in vascular complications of diabetes: a comprehensive review of mechanisms and implications","volume":"15","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.108241_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1856","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.48.9.1856","article-title":"Microvascular and macrovascular reactivity is reduced in subjects at risk for type 2 diabetes","volume":"48","author":"Caballero","year":"1999","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.108241_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.665","article-title":"HUVECs from newborns with a strong family history of diabetes show diminished ROS synthesis in the presence of high glucose concentrations","volume":"23","author":"Alvarado-V\u00e1squez","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diabetes\/Metab Res Rev"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.108241_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.743","article-title":"Reduced NO synthesis and eNOS mRNA expression in endothelial cells from newborns with a strong family history of type 2 diabetes","volume":"23","author":"Alvarado-V\u00e1squez","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diabetes\/Metab Res Rev"},{"issue":"10234","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.108241_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30937-5","article-title":"Endothelial cell infection and endotheliitis in COVID-19","volume":"395","author":"Varga","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.108241_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2020.108217","article-title":"The contribution of diabetic micro-angiopathy to adverse outcomes in COVID-19","volume":"164","author":"Whyte","year":"2020","journal-title":"diabetes res clin pract"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.108241_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1007\/s42977-021-00092-2","article-title":"Biologia Futura: is ADAM 17 the reason for COVID-19 susceptibility in hyperglycemic and diabetic patients?","volume":"72","author":"Stepanova","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biol Futura"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.108241_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H688","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00039.2022","article-title":"ADAM17 cleaves the insulin receptor ectodomain on endothelial cells and causes vascular insulin resistance","volume":"323","author":"Ghiarone","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Physiol-Heart Circ Physiol"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.108241_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5911","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25115911","article-title":"ADAM-17 activity and its relation to ACE2: implications for severe COVID-19","volume":"25","author":"Sun","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.108241_bib0038","article-title":"ACE2 Shedding and the Role in COVID-19","volume":"11","author":"3Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.108241_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.28100","article-title":"Bidirectional causal associations between type 2 diabetes and COVID-19","volume":"95","author":"Cao","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.108241_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0264009","article-title":"Evaluation of the genetic risk for COVID-19 outcomes in COPD and differences among worldwide populations","volume":"17","author":"Marcalo","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.108241_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(21)00160-0","article-title":"Inhaled budesonide in the treatment of early COVID-19 (STOIC): a phase 2, open-label, randomised controlled trial","volume":"9","author":"Ramakrishnan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.108241_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-11-450","article-title":"External review and validation of the Swedish national inpatient register","volume":"11","author":"Ludvigsson","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.108241_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-016-0117-y","article-title":"Registers of the Swedish total population and their use in medical research","volume":"31","author":"Ludvigsson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Epidemiol"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1201971225004631?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1201971225004631?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T18:49:21Z","timestamp":1783018161000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1201971225004631"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"references-count":43,"alternative-id":["S1201971225004631"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.108241","relation":{},"ISSN":["1201-9712"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1201-9712","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Objective family burden of diabetes is associated with increased risk of hospital diagnosis of covid-19: A prospective cohort study from the Malm\u00f6 diet and cancer study","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"International Journal of Infectious Diseases","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.108241","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of International Society for Infectious Diseases.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"108241"}}