{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T23:23:47Z","timestamp":1778801027673,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]],"date-time":"2026-01-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769817600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","ijidonline.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["International Journal of Infectious Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108450","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T22:46:47Z","timestamp":1769986007000},"page":"108450","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Facility-specific epidemiological characteristics of COVID-19 clusters across SARS-CoV-2 variant waves in South Korea"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"165","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6404-6687","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hee Kyoung","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yeo Won","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jin","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Young-Man","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sang-Eun","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6576-8916","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Byung Chul","family":"Chun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108450_bib0001","unstructured":"World Health Organization. WHO coronavirus (COVID-19) dashboard. Geneva: World Health Organization; https:\/\/covid19.who.int\/;2025 [accessed 5 April 2025]"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108450_sbref0002","series-title":"Tracking SARS-CoV-2 variants","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108450_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1666","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2608.201274","article-title":"Coronavirus disease outbreak in call center, South Korea","volume":"26","author":"Park","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108450_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-023-04319-w","article-title":"Learning from the COVID-19 outbreaks in long-term care facilities: a systematic review","volume":"23","author":"Henriques","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108450_bib0005","first-page":"482","article-title":"Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) one-year outbreak major cluster infection report as of January 19, 2021, in the Republic of Korea","volume":"14","author":"Jang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Public Health Wkly Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108450_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.39355","article-title":"Incidence and transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in US childcare centers after COVID-19 vaccines","volume":"6","author":"Shope","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108450_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"taaa030","DOI":"10.1093\/jtm\/taaa030","article-title":"COVID-19 outbreak on the Diamond Princess cruise ship: estimating the epidemic potential and effectiveness of public health countermeasures","volume":"27","author":"Rockl\u00f6v","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Travel Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108450_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"m2239","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m2239","article-title":"Covid-19: lack of test and trace data is frustrating government scrutiny","volume":"369","author":"Griffin","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108450_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225703","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3036718","article-title":"COVID-19 contact tracing: challenges and future directions","volume":"8","author":"Chowdhury","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108450_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2465","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2610.201315","article-title":"Contact tracing during coronavirus disease outbreak, South Korea, 2020","volume":"26","author":"Park","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108450_bib0011","first-page":"290","article-title":"Analysis report on COVID-19 case reporting form data (Fourth Quarter of 2022)","volume":"16","author":"Lee","year":"2023","journal-title":"Public Health Wkly Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108450_bib0012","unstructured":"Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency. Response guidelines of COVID-19 for public. 13\u20132 editor Cheongju: Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency; 2023. p.143."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108450_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e19","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268821002788","article-title":"Characteristics of transmission routes of COVID-19 cluster infections in Gangwon Province, Korea","volume":"150","author":"Lim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108450_bib0014","unstructured":"North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services. COVID-19 Clusters in North Carolina (2021). https:\/\/covid19.ncdhhs.gov\/covid-19-clusters-nc-report\/open; [accessed 5 June 2025]"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108450_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1017\/S174413312100013X","article-title":"Going hard and early: Aotearoa New Zealand\u2019s response to COVID-19","volume":"17","author":"Cumming","year":"2022","journal-title":"Health Econ Policy Law"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108450_bib0016","first-page":"497","article-title":"Status and characteristics of the SARS-CoV-2 variant outbreak in the Republic of Korea in January 2021","volume":"15","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Public Health Wkly Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108450_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/52.3-4.591","article-title":"An analysis of variance test for normality (complete samples)","volume":"52","author":"Shapiro","year":"1965","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108450_bib0018","series-title":"Contributions to probability and statistics: essays in honor of harold hotelling","first-page":"278","article-title":"Robust tests for equality of variances","author":"Levene","year":"1960"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108450_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1109\/TAC.1974.1100705","article-title":"A new look at the statistical model identification","volume":"19","author":"Akaike","year":"1974","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Autom Control"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108450_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1952.10483441","article-title":"Use of ranks in one-criterion variance analysis","volume":"47","author":"Kruskal","year":"1952","journal-title":"J Am Stat Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108450_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1080\/00401706.1964.10490181","article-title":"Multiple comparisons using rank sums","volume":"6","author":"Dunn","year":"1964","journal-title":"Technometrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108450_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1080\/14786440009463897","article-title":"On the criterion that a given system of deviations from the probable in the case of a correlated system of variables is such that it can be reasonably supposed to have arisen from random sampling","volume":"50","author":"Pearson","year":"1900","journal-title":"Philos Mag"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108450_bib0023","unstructured":"Fox J, Weisberg S An R companion to applied regression, 3rd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications; 2019."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108450_bib0024","unstructured":"Dunn DA. dunn.test: dunn's test of multiple comparisons using rank sums. R package version 1.3.5. 2017. https:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=dunn.test [accessed 12 May 2025]."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108450_bib0025","series-title":"R: a language and environment for statistical computing","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108450_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.17269\/s41997-022-00659-z","article-title":"Transmission dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 in British Columbia\u2019s largest school district during the second half of the 2020\u20132021 school year","volume":"113","author":"Campeau","year":"2022","journal-title":"Can J Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108450_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.14776\/piv.2020.27.e23","article-title":"Children with COVID-19 after reopening of schools, South Korea","volume":"27","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Vaccine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108450_bib0028","series-title":"Road map to improve and ensure good indoor ventilation in the context of COVID-19","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108450_bib0029","series-title":"Science brief: community use of masks to control the spread of SARS-CoV-2","year":"2022"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1201971226000858?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1201971226000858?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T04:54:42Z","timestamp":1774414482000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1201971226000858"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"references-count":29,"alternative-id":["S1201971226000858"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108450","relation":{},"ISSN":["1201-9712"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1201-9712","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Facility-specific epidemiological characteristics of COVID-19 clusters across SARS-CoV-2 variant waves in South Korea","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"International Journal of Infectious Diseases","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108450","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of International Society for Infectious Diseases.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"108450"}}