{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T08:28:30Z","timestamp":1793953710978,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772064000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004339","name":"Sanofi","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004339","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004325","name":"AstraZeneca","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004325","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","ijidonline.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["International Journal of Infectious Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108509","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T22:49:39Z","timestamp":1772405379000},"page":"108509","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Primary care respiratory syncytial virus disease characteristics in infants and young children in Germany: data from the prospective pediatric airway pathogen incidence surveillance network, 2021-2023"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"167","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2492-8850","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander","family":"Kiefer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Twardella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"B\u00e4hre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clemens","family":"Behrens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Buck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank","family":"Eberhardt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mathieu","family":"Bangert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rolf","family":"Kramer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-5721-8240","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Gerber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Rosewich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Franziska","family":"Schaaff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan-Helge","family":"H\u00f6pner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcus","family":"Panning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Kabesch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Happle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1462-9569","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"Wetzke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108509_bib0001","article-title":"Estimation of respiratory syncytial virus-associated hospital admissions in five European countries: a modelling study","volume":"51","author":"Johannesen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Reg Health Eur"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108509_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)00138-7","article-title":"Global disease burden of and risk factors for acute lower respiratory infections caused by respiratory syncytial virus in preterm infants and young children in 2019: a systematic review and meta-analysis of aggregated and individual participant data","volume":"403","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108509_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)30721-4","article-title":"Causes of severe pneumonia requiring hospital admission in children without HIV infection from Africa and Asia: the PERCH multi-country case-control study","volume":"394","author":"O'Brien","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108509_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2047","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)00478-0","article-title":"Global, regional, and national disease burden estimates of acute lower respiratory infections due to respiratory syncytial virus in children younger than 5 years in 2019: a systematic analysis","volume":"399","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108509_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7487","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14217487","article-title":"RSV monitoring in Germany: a critical overview of available surveillance systems","volume":"14","author":"Bayer","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108509_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1097\/MOP.0000000000001323","article-title":"Outpatient respiratory syncytial virus infections and novel preventive interventions","volume":"36","author":"Hak","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr Opin Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108509_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2024.1343045","article-title":"Effects of infant bronchiolitis on family life","volume":"12","author":"Assathiany","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108509_bib0008","first-page":"534","article-title":"The frequency of hospitalizations for RSV and influenza among children and adults","volume":"120","author":"Kiefer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Dtsch Arztebl Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108509_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2023.105530","article-title":"Comparative analysis of RSV-related hospitalisations in children and adults over a 7 year-period before, during and after the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"166","author":"Kiefer","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108509_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1528","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiad188","article-title":"Burden of respiratory syncytial virus in the European Union: estimation of RSV-associated hospitalizations in children under 5 years","volume":"228","author":"Del Riccio","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108509_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2707","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2023.03.024","article-title":"Economic burden and health-related quality-of-life among infants with respiratory syncytial virus infection: a multi-country prospective cohort study in Europe","volume":"41","author":"Mao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108509_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-023-00734-7","article-title":"The road to approved vaccines for respiratory syncytial virus","volume":"8","author":"Ruckwardt","year":"2023","journal-title":"NPJ vaccines"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108509_bib0013","first-page":"561","article-title":"Non-appearance of the RSV season 2020\/21 during the COVID-19 Pandemic\u2013prospective, multicenter data on the incidence of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection","volume":"118","author":"Lange","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dtsch Arztebl Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108509_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.12996","article-title":"Determination of respiratory syncytial virus epidemic seasons by using 95% confidence interval of positivity rates, 2011-2021, Germany","volume":"16","author":"Cai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Influenza Other Respir Viruses"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108509_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2021.104737","article-title":"Clinical performance of the GenMark Dx ePlex respiratory pathogen panels for upper and lower respiratory tract infections","volume":"135","author":"Jarrett","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108509_bib0016","article-title":"Evaluation of the ePlex Respiratory pathogen panel 2 to detect viral and bacterial pathogens, including SARS-CoV-2 Omicron in nasopharyngeal swabs","volume":"2","author":"Phan","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Virol Plus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108509_bib0017","first-page":"1009","article-title":"Austin virology and retro virology pediatric respiratory severity score (PRESS) for respiratory tract infections in children","volume":"2","author":"Miyaji","year":"2015","journal-title":"Austin Virol Retrovirol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108509_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2023.11.039","article-title":"Costs and healthcare utilisation due to respiratory syncytial virus disease in paediatric patients in Italy: a systematic review","volume":"227","author":"Bechini","year":"2024","journal-title":"Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108509_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e367","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(17)30103-2","article-title":"Burden of paediatric respiratory syncytial virus disease and potential effect of different immunisation strategies: a modelling and cost-effectiveness analysis for England","volume":"2","author":"Cromer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108509_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2024.114045","article-title":"Medical costs of RSV-associated hospitalizations and emergency department visits in children aged <5 years: observational findings from the new vaccine surveillance network (NVSN), 2016-2019","volume":"271","author":"Clopper","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108509_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1007\/s40121-016-0123-0","article-title":"Defining the epidemiology and burden of severe respiratory syncytial virus infection among infants and children in western countries","volume":"5","author":"Bont","year":"2016","journal-title":"Infect Dis Ther"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108509_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(24)00367-9","article-title":"Burden of RSV infections among young children in primary care: a prospective cohort study in five European countries (2021-23)","volume":"13","author":"Hak","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108509_bib0023","first-page":"546","article-title":"Respiratory syncytial virus-specific antibodies and atopic diseases in children: a 10-year follow-up","volume":"12","author":"Tesari Crnkovi\u0107","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108509_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1414","DOI":"10.1002\/ctm2.1414","article-title":"Infant respiratory syncytial virus infection and childhood asthma: a shift in the paradigm?","volume":"13","author":"Rosas-Salazar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Transl Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108509_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1080\/17476348.2024.2449079","article-title":"Interactions between epithelial mesenchymal plasticity, barrier dysfunction and innate immune pathways shape the genesis of allergic airway disease","volume":"19","author":"Brasier","year":"2025","journal-title":"Expert Rev Respir Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108509_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1360","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2006-0907","article-title":"Atopic disposition, wheezing, and subsequent respiratory syncytial virus hospitalization in Danish children younger than 18 months: a nested case-control study","volume":"118","author":"Stensballe","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108509_bib0027","first-page":"850","article-title":"Rhinovirus infection and familial atopy predict persistent asthma and sensitisation 7 years after a first episode of acute bronchiolitis in infancy","volume":"8","author":"Magnier","year":"2021","journal-title":"Children (Basel, Switzerland)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108509_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-025-06057-0","article-title":"Distinct seasonality and increased respiratory failure in RSV patients < 2 years of age after emergence of SARS-CoV-2: data from the multicentric, prospective PAPI study","volume":"184","author":"B\u00e4hre","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108509_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1715","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-025-02484-1","article-title":"RSV is the main cause of severe respiratory infections in infants and young children in Germany - data from the prospective, multicenter PAPI study 2021-2023","volume":"53","author":"Wetzke","year":"2025","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108509_bib0030","article-title":"Atypical age distribution and high disease severity in children with RSV infections during two irregular epidemic seasons throughout the COVID-19 pandemic, Germany, 2021 to 2023","volume":"29","author":"Cai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Euro Surveill"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108509_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1332078","article-title":"Reduction of acute respiratory infections in day-care by non-pharmaceutical interventions: a narrative review","volume":"12","author":"Andrup","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108509_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0b013e318195e26e","article-title":"Respiratory pathogens in respiratory tract illnesses during the first year of life: a birth cohort study","volume":"28","author":"van der Zalm","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108509_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.13219","article-title":"Seasonal and inter-seasonal RSV activity in the European Region during the COVID-19 pandemic from autumn 2020 to summer 2022","volume":"17","author":"Mesl\u00e9","year":"2023","journal-title":"Influenza Other Respir Viruses"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108509_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1587","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-022-01889-6","article-title":"High burden of RSV hospitalizations in Germany 2021-2022","volume":"50","author":"Tenenbaum","year":"2022","journal-title":"Infection"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S120197122600144X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S120197122600144X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T08:07:39Z","timestamp":1793952459000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S120197122600144X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"references-count":34,"alternative-id":["S120197122600144X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108509","relation":{},"ISSN":["1201-9712"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1201-9712","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Primary care respiratory syncytial virus disease characteristics in infants and young children in Germany: data from the prospective pediatric airway pathogen incidence surveillance network, 2021-2023","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"International Journal of Infectious Diseases","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108509","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of International Society for Infectious Diseases.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"108509"}}