{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T21:13:07Z","timestamp":1778101987466,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]],"date-time":"2026-03-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774051200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","ijidonline.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["International Journal of Infectious Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108586","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T18:57:11Z","timestamp":1774465031000},"page":"108586","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Analysis of accessibility to anti-tuberculosis drugs in the Asia-Pacific region between 2019 and 2022"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"167","author":[{"given":"Zhongfei","family":"Pei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sok King","family":"Ong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Siyan","family":"Yi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chitin","family":"Hon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4600-8644","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ming","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108586_bib0001","series-title":"Global tuberculosis report 2024","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108586_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1372","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(21)00299-0","article-title":"Economic impact of tuberculosis mortality in 120 countries and the cost of not achieving the Sustainable Development Goals tuberculosis targets: a full-income analysis","volume":"9","author":"Silva","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108586_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofag014","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofag014","article-title":"The global economic burden of tuberculosis: regional disparities and implications","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108586_bib0004","first-page":"28","article-title":"Realizing the World Health Organization\u2019s End TB Strategy (2016\u22122035): how can social approaches to tuberculosis elimination contribute to progress in Asia and the Pacific?","volume":"4","author":"John","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trop Med Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108586_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e183","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30110-5","article-title":"Tuberculosis: progress and advances in development of new drugs, treatment regimens, and host-directed therapies","volume":"18","author":"Tiberi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108586_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2023.07.013","article-title":"Study group on mycobacteria (ESGMYC) of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID), recent advances in the treatment of tuberculosis","volume":"30","author":"Motta","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108586_bib0007","unstructured":"2024 Report on TB research funding trends, Treatment Action Group (n.d.). https:\/\/www.treatmentactiongroup.org\/resources\/tbrd-report\/tbrd-report-2024\/ (accessed 1 September 2025)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108586_bib0008","unstructured":"Asia-Pacific Population and Development Report 2023, (n.d.). https:\/\/repository.unescap.org\/server\/api\/core\/bitstreams\/19adf189-e531-4cc9-a351-804879db7314\/content (accessed 1 September 2025)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108586_bib0009","unstructured":"Global Fund. Results Report 2023. Geneva: The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria, https:\/\/archive.theglobalfund.org\/media\/13260\/archive_2023-results-report_summary_en.pdf; 2023(accessed 13 February 2026)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108586_bib0010","unstructured":"Stop TB Partnership. The Global Drug Facility Annual Report. Geneva: Stop TB Partnership, https:\/\/www.stoptb.org\/sites\/default\/files\/documents\/annual_report_2024_WEB.pdf; 2023(accessed 13 February 2026)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108586_bib0011","article-title":"The Lancet Regional Health-Southeast Asia, eliminating tuberculosis by addressing access and equity","volume":"31","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Reg Health Southeast Asia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108586_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-023-17495-6","article-title":"Global, regional and national trends in tuberculosis incidence and main risk factors: a study using data from 2000 to 2021","volume":"24","author":"Bai","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108586_bib0013","unstructured":"PDB, (n.d.). https:\/\/pdb.pharmadl.com\/home (accessed 4 December 2025)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108586_bib0014","unstructured":"RPDB, (n.d.). https:\/\/rpdb.pharmadl.com\/home (accessed 4 December 2025)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108586_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S Jiang, Z Chen, T Wu, H Wang. Collective pharmaceutical procurement in China may have unintended consequences in supply and pricing, J Glob Health 10 (n.d.) 010314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7189\/jogh.10.010314.","DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.10.010314"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108586_bib0016","unstructured":"MIDAS\u00ae - IQVIA, (n.d.). https:\/\/www.iqvia.com\/solutions\/commercialization\/data-and-information-management\/midas (accessed 1 September 2025)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108586_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e398","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(18)30186-4","article-title":"Anthropological and socioeconomic factors contributing to global antimicrobial resistance: a univariate and multivariable analysis","volume":"2","author":"Collignon","year":"2018","journal-title":"The Lancet Planetary Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108586_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30332-7","article-title":"Assessment of WHO antibiotic consumption and access targets in 76 countries, 2000-15: an analysis of pharmaceutical sales data","volume":"21","author":"Klein","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108586_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1159\/000528274","article-title":"New and repurposed drugs for the treatment of active tuberculosis: an update for clinicians","volume":"102","author":"Aguilar Diaz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Respiration"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108586_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2666","DOI":"10.21037\/jtd.2016.10.14","article-title":"Classification of drugs to treat multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB): evidence and perspectives","volume":"8","author":"Rendon","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Thorac Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108586_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.101848","article-title":"Global antibiotic use during the COVID-19 pandemic: analysis of pharmaceutical sales data from 71 countries, 2020-2022","volume":"57","author":"Nandi","year":"2023","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108586_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines12010033","article-title":"Access to DTP-based combination vaccines in Asia-Pacific countries between 2019 and 2022","volume":"12","author":"Ma","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vaccines (Basel)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108586_bib0023","article-title":"Monoclonal antibodies and Fc-fusion protein biologic medicines: a multinational cross-sectional investigation of accessibility and affordability in Asia Pacific regions between 2010 and 2020","volume":"26","author":"Tong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Reg Health West Pac"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108586_bib0024","article-title":"Tuberculosis in South Asia: a regional analysis of burden, progress, and future projections using the global burden of disease (1990-2021)","volume":"37","author":"Kumar","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Clin Tuberc Other Mycobact Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108586_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1515\/chem-2024-0086","article-title":"Exploring novel antitubercular agents: innovative design of 2,3-diaryl-quinoxalines targeting DprE1 for effective tuberculosis treatment","volume":"22","author":"Sharma","year":"2024","journal-title":"Open Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108586_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2024.107325","article-title":"Insights from the 2024 WHO Global Tuberculosis Report - more comprehensive action, innovation, and investments required for achieving WHO End TB goals","volume":"150","author":"Goletti","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108586_bib0027","series-title":"Key updates to the treatment of drug-resistant tuberculosis: rapid communication, June 2024","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108586_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202410-2096ST","article-title":"Updates on the treatment of drug-susceptible and drug-resistant tuberculosis: an official ATS\/CDC\/ERS\/IDSA clinical practice guideline","volume":"211","author":"Saukkonen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108586_bib0029","unstructured":"WHO. Indonesia TB Joint External Monitoring Mission report, 4\u201315 December 2022, https:\/\/cdn.who.int\/media\/docs\/default-source\/searo\/indonesia\/2022-tb-jemm-indonesia-report.pdf?sfvrsn=53574366_4&download=true; 2022(accessed 13, February 2026)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108586_bib0030","article-title":"Policy gaps in addressing market failures and intervention misalignments in tuberculosis control: prospects for improvement in China, India, and Indonesia","volume":"46","author":"Jiang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Reg Health West Pac"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108586_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1234785","article-title":"The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the global tuberculosis epidemic","volume":"14","author":"Falzon","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108586_bib0032","article-title":"Update in tuberculosis treatment: a scoping review of current practices","volume":"21","author":"Lopes","year":"2025","journal-title":"Breathe (Sheff)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108586_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtldopen.23.0587","article-title":"Pakistan Joint TB Program Review Mission, 2022 TB programme review in Pakistan: strengthening governance, with better patient diagnosis and treatment","volume":"1","author":"van den Boom","year":"2024","journal-title":"IJTLD Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108586_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2021.703631","article-title":"Public-private mix models of tuberculosis care in Pakistan: a high-burden country perspective","volume":"9","author":"Ullah","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108586_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(16)30259-6","article-title":"The number of privately treated tuberculosis cases in India: an estimation from drug sales data","volume":"16","author":"Arinaminpathy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108586_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0012023","article-title":"Tuberculosis management by private practitioners in Mumbai, India: has anything changed in two decades?","volume":"5","author":"Udwadia","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108586_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e649","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(22)00085-7","article-title":"National tuberculosis spending efficiency and its associated factors in 121 low-income and middle-income countries, 2010-19: a data envelopment and stochastic frontier analysis","volume":"10","author":"Abou Jaoude","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108586_bib0038","series-title":"Engaging private health care providers in TB care and prevention: a landscape analysis","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108586_bib0039","article-title":"Quality of tuberculosis care in the private health sector","volume":"20","author":"Stallworthy","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Tuberc Other Mycobact Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108586_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e335","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(22)00013-5","article-title":"Global, regional, and national trends in opioid analgesic consumption from 2015 to 2019: a longitudinal study","volume":"7","author":"Ju","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108586_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1071\/AH17031","article-title":"Financial costs associated with monopolies on biologic medicines in Australia","volume":"43","author":"Gleeson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aust Health Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108586_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3111","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-024-20664-w","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of tuberculosis and attributable risk factors for 204 countries and territories, 1990-2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Diseases 2021 study","volume":"24","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1201971226002213?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1201971226002213?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T20:28:55Z","timestamp":1778099335000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1201971226002213"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"references-count":42,"alternative-id":["S1201971226002213"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108586","relation":{},"ISSN":["1201-9712"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1201-9712","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Analysis of accessibility to anti-tuberculosis drugs in the Asia-Pacific region between 2019 and 2022","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"International Journal of Infectious Diseases","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108586","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of International Society for Infectious Diseases.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"108586"}}