{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,14]],"date-time":"2026-06-14T18:56:32Z","timestamp":1781463392258,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":101,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775088000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","ijidonline.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["International Journal of Infectious Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108690","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T07:01:53Z","timestamp":1775545313000},"page":"108690","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"special_numbering":"C","title":["The evolving HIV landscape in Central and Eastern Europe: progress, gaps, and future directions\u2014Part I"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"168","author":[{"given":"Deniz","family":"G\u00f6kengin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5008-0139","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Merve Mert","family":"Vahabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ivailo","family":"Alexiev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Josip","family":"Begovac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlo","family":"Bienkowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristiana","family":"Oprea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justyna","family":"Kowalska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Botond","family":"Lakatos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mike","family":"Youle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108690_bib0001","unstructured":"UNAIDS_FactSheet_en.pdf. https:\/\/www.unaids.org\/sites\/default\/files\/media_asset\/UNAIDS_FactSheet_en.pdf. [accessed 25 August 2025]."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108690_bib0002","unstructured":"2024- https:\/\/www.unaids-global-aids-update-eeca_en.pdf. https:\/\/www.unaids.org\/sites\/default\/files\/media_asset\/2024-unaids-global-aids-update-eeca_en.pdf. [accessed 5 December 2026]."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108690_bib0003","unstructured":"Countries overview | World Health Organization n.d. https:\/\/www.who.int\/countries [accessed 1 July 2025]."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108690_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1111\/1468-2435.00060","article-title":"Eastern Europe and community of independent states","volume":"36","author":"Axmann","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int Migr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108690_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/9701920","article-title":"Transmission of HIV and HCV within former Soviet Union countries","volume":"2020","author":"Aibekova","year":"2020","journal-title":"Can J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108690_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1228","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)30856-X","article-title":"The perfect storm: incarceration and the high-risk environment perpetuating transmission of HIV, hepatitis C virus, and tuberculosis in Eastern Europe and Central Asia","volume":"388","author":"Altice","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108690_bib0007","series-title":"HIV\/AIDS Surveillance in Europe 2024","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108690_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2099","DOI":"10.3390\/v14102099","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology of HIV-1 in Eastern Europe and Russia","volume":"14","author":"Van De Klundert","year":"2022","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108690_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2016.05.041","article-title":"The global spread of HIV-1 subtype B epidemic","volume":"46","author":"Magiorkinis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Infect Genet Evol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108690_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e328342ff93","article-title":"WHO-UNAIDS network for HIV isolation and characterisation. Global trends in molecular epidemiology of HIV-1 during 2000-2007","volume":"25","author":"Hemelaar","year":"2011","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108690_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1735","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiu666","article-title":"Global dispersal pattern of HIV type 1 subtype CRF01_AE: a genetic trace of Human mobility related to heterosexual sexual activities centralized in Southeast Asia","volume":"211","author":"Angelis","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108690_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30647-9","article-title":"Global and regional molecular epidemiology of HIV-1, 1990-2015: a systematic review, global survey, and trend analysis","volume":"19","author":"Hemelaar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108690_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.3109\/00365548.2010.526956","article-title":"Emerging transmitted drug resistance in treatment-na\u00efve human immunodeficiency virus-1 CRF06_cpx-infected patients in Estonia","volume":"43","author":"Avi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Scand J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108690_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0241269","article-title":"Prevalence and spatiotemporal dynamics of HIV-1 circulating recombinant form 03_AB (CRF03_AB) in the former Soviet Union countries","volume":"15","author":"Lebedev","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108690_bib0015","first-page":"28","article-title":"HIV\u20111 molecular epidemiology in the Balkans: a melting pot for high genetic diversity","volume":"14","author":"Stanojevic","year":"2012","journal-title":"AIDS Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108690_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.7883\/yoken.66.306","article-title":"HIV-1 subtypes and primary antiretroviral resistance mutations in antiretroviral therapy naive HIV-1 infected individuals in Turkey","volume":"66","author":"Sayan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Jpn J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108690_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.2174\/1570162X19666211119111740","article-title":"Diversity of HIV-1 subtypes and transmitted drug-resistance mutations among minority HIV-1 variants in a Turkish cohort","volume":"20","author":"Sarinoglu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr HIV Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108690_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2010.0323","article-title":"Genetic diversity of HIV type 1 in Montenegro","volume":"27","author":"Ciccozzi","year":"2011","journal-title":"AIDS Res Hum Retrovir"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108690_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000003394","article-title":"HIV-1 subtype B spread through cross-border clusters in the Balkans: a molecular analysis in view of incidence trends","volume":"37","author":"Jovanovic","year":"2023","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108690_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-53520-8","article-title":"Analysis of HIV-1 diversity, primary drug resistance and transmission networks in Croatia","volume":"9","author":"Oroz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108690_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1390","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0001390","article-title":"High-resolution molecular epidemiology and evolutionary history of HIV-1 subtypes in Albania","volume":"3","author":"Salemi","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108690_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2010.07.002","article-title":"Diversity of HIV-1 subtype C strains isolated in Romania","volume":"11","author":"Paraschiv","year":"2011","journal-title":"Infect Genet Evol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108690_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0059666","article-title":"Detailed molecular epidemiologic characterization of HIV-1 infection in Bulgaria reveals broad diversity and evolving phylodynamics","volume":"8","author":"Ivanov","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108690_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4690-10-7","article-title":"HIV-1 subtype distribution and its demographic determinants in newly diagnosed patients in Europe suggest highly compartmentalized epidemics","volume":"10","author":"Abecasis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Retrovirology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108690_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1108","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms13051108","article-title":"Distinct molecular epidemiology, transmission patterns, and resistance mutations of HIV-1 subtypes A1, A6, and A7 in Bulgaria","volume":"13","author":"Partsuneva","year":"2025","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108690_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-015-1217-0","article-title":"Characteristics and spread to the native population of HIV-1 non-B subtypes in two European countries with high migration rate","volume":"15","author":"Dauwe","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108690_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-96125-w","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology and HIV-1 variant evolution in Poland between 2015 and 2019","volume":"11","author":"Serwin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108690_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2016.06.033","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology of HIV-1 infection in Europe: an overview","volume":"46","author":"Beloukas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Infect Genet Evol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108690_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2018.03.007","article-title":"HIV care in Central and Eastern Europe: how close are we to the target?","volume":"70","author":"Gokengin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108690_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-016-1685-x","article-title":"Disparities in HIV clinic care across Europe: findings from the EuroSIDA clinic survey","volume":"16","author":"Lazarus","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108690_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1111\/hiv.12436","article-title":"Euroguidelines in Central and Eastern Europe (ECEE) conference and the Warsaw Declaration - a comprehensive meeting report","volume":"18","author":"Kowalska","year":"2017","journal-title":"HIV Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108690_bib0032","unstructured":"ECDC-EACS Standards of HIV Care. EACSociety n.d. https:\/\/www.eacsociety.org\/standard-of-care\/ecdc-eacs-standards-of-hiv-care\/ [accessed 18 March 2026]."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108690_bib0033","unstructured":"Continuum of HIV care - Monitoring implementation of the Dublin Declaration on partnership to fight HIV\/AIDS in Europe and Central Asia: 2021 progress report 2022. https:\/\/www.ecdc.europa.eu\/en\/publications-data\/continuum-hiv-care-monitoring-implementation-dublin-declaration-partnership-fight [accessed 29 July 2024]."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108690_bib0034","article-title":"Late presentation in HIV-infected injecting drug users - a huge challenge for the Romanian health-care system","author":"Ianache","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rom J Leg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108690_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.2174\/1570162X18666200427223823","article-title":"Temporal trends in the epidemiology of HIV in Turkey","volume":"18","author":"Erdinc","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr HIV Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108690_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2018.03.007","article-title":"HIV care in Central and Eastern Europe: how close are we to the target?","volume":"70","author":"Gokengin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108690_bib0037","unstructured":"INTEGRATE. INTEGRATE n.d. https:\/\/integrateja.eu\/ [accessed 29 July 2024]."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108690_bib0038","unstructured":"World Health Organization, PEPFAR UNAIDS. Task shifting : rational redistribution of tasks among health workforce teams : global recommendations and guidelines. https:\/\/www.who.int\/healthsystems\/task_shifting\/en\/, [accessed 25 August 2025]."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108690_bib0039","unstructured":"HIV Indicator Conditions n.d. https:\/\/www.eurotest.org\/testing-tools\/hiv-indicator-conditions\/ [accessed 29 July 2024]."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108690_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0052845","article-title":"Feasibility and effectiveness of indicator condition-guided testing for HIV: results from HIDES I (HIV indicator diseases across Europe study)","volume":"8","author":"Sullivan","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108690_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0220108","article-title":"Improving the evidence for indicator condition guided HIV testing in Europe: results from the HIDES II Study - 2012 - 2015","volume":"14","author":"Raben","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108690_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckp231","article-title":"Barriers to HIV testing in Europe: a systematic review","volume":"20","author":"Deblonde","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur J Public Health"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108690_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1111\/hiv.12591","article-title":"OptTEST by HIV in Europe. Key findings on legal and regulatory barriers to HIV testing and access to care across Europe","volume":"19","author":"Power","year":"2018","journal-title":"HIV Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108690_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthpol.2007.10.004","article-title":"Gurol-Urganci I. Health systems\u2019 responses to 25 years of HIV in Europe: inequities persist and challenges remain","volume":"86","author":"Atun","year":"2008","journal-title":"Health Policy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108690_bib0045","series-title":"HIV testing : increasing uptake and effectiveness in the European Union : evidence synthesis for guidance on HIV testing","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108690_bib0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3013","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-017-1831-5","article-title":"Socio-demographic characteristics, sexual and test-seeking behaviours amongst men who have sex with both men and women: results from a bio-behavioural survey in 13 European cities","volume":"21","author":"Mirandola","year":"2017","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108690_bib0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0140845","article-title":"Auditing HIV testing rates across Europe: results from the HIDES 2 study","volume":"10","author":"Raben","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108690_bib0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1126","DOI":"10.1111\/hiv.13542","article-title":"Major revision version 12.0 of the European AIDS Clinical Society guidelines 2023","volume":"24","author":"Ambrosioni","year":"2023","journal-title":"HIV Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108690_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/hiv.13446","article-title":"BHIVA guidelines on antiretroviral treatment for adults living with HIV-1 2022","volume":"23","author":"Waters","year":"2022","journal-title":"HIV Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108690_bib0051","unstructured":"Public health guidance on HIV, hepatitis B and C testing in the EU\/EEA 2018. https:\/\/www.ecdc.europa.eu\/en\/publications-data\/public-health-guidance-hiv-hepatitis-b-and-c-testing-eueea [accessed 29 July 2024]."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108690_bib0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.17139","article-title":"2021 European guideline on HIV testing in Genito-urinary medicine settings","volume":"35","author":"G\u00f6kengin","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108690_bib0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1080\/23744235.2019.1565415","article-title":"People who inject drugs remain hard-to-reach population across all HIV continuum stages in Central, Eastern and South Eastern Europe - data from Euro-guidelines in Central and Eastern Europe Network","volume":"51","author":"Balayan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Infect Dis (L)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108690_bib0054","unstructured":"Pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV prevention in Europe and Central Asia Monitoring implementation of the Dublin Declaration \u20132022 progress report 2023. https:\/\/www.ecdc.europa.eu\/en\/publications-data\/hiv-infection-prevention-pre-exposure-prophylaxis-monitoring-dublin [accessed 29 July 2024]."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108690_bib0055","unstructured":"Miles to go\u2014closing gaps, breaking barriers, righting injustices | UNAIDS n.d. https:\/\/www.unaids.org\/en\/resources\/documents\/2018\/global-aids-update [accessed 26 January 2026]"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108690_bib0056","unstructured":"The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the HIV response in Europe and Central Asia - Monitoring implementation of the Dublin Declaration on partnership to fight HIV\/AIDS in Europe and Central Asia 2024. https:\/\/www.ecdc.europa.eu\/en\/publications-data\/impact-covid-19-pandemic-hiv-response-europe-and-central-asia-monitoring [accessed 3 July 2025]."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108690_bib0057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000003398","article-title":"Missed opportunities in HIV testing in Turkiye: implications for late diagnoses","volume":"96","author":"\u00d6zkaya","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAIDS J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108690_bib0058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2022.27.48.2200338","article-title":"National medical specialty guidelines of HIV indicator conditions in Europe lack adequate HIV testing recommendations: a systematic guideline review","volume":"27","author":"Jordans","year":"2022","journal-title":"Euro Surveill"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108690_bib0059","volume":"1","year":"2024","journal-title":"CMI Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108690_bib0060","unstructured":"INTEGRATE | Joint Action on integrating prevention, testing and linkage to care strategies across HIV, viral hepatitis, TB STIs Eur https:\/\/integrateja.eu\/ [accessed 10 July 2025]."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108690_bib0061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-021-06537-2","article-title":"Increased integrated testing for HIV, hepatitis C and sexually transmitted infections in health care facilities: results from the INTEGRATE Joint Action pilots in Lithuania, Romania and Spain","volume":"21","author":"Matulionyt\u0117","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108690_bib0062","unstructured":"Pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV prevention in Europe and Central Asia Monitoring implementation of the Dublin Declaration \u20132022 progress report 2023. https:\/\/www.ecdc.europa.eu\/en\/publications-data\/hiv-infection-prevention-pre-exposure-prophylaxis-monitoring-dublin [accessed 25 August 2024]."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108690_bib0063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.47.2001943","article-title":"EuroTEST COVID-19 impact assessment consortium of partners. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on testing services for HIV, viral hepatitis and sexually transmitted infections in the WHO European Region, March to August 2020","volume":"25","author":"Sim\u00f5es","year":"2020","journal-title":"Euro Surveill"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108690_bib0064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7595","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19137595","article-title":"The management of HIV care services in Central and Eastern Europe: data from the Euroguidelines in Central and Eastern Europe Network Group","volume":"19","author":"Skrzat-Klapaczy\u0144ska","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108690_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1111\/hiv.12807","article-title":"HIV testing strategies outside of health care settings in the European Union (EU)\/European Economic Area (EEA): a systematic review to inform European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control guidance","volume":"21","author":"Croxford","year":"2020","journal-title":"HIV Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108690_bib0066","unstructured":"Global examples of HIV testing services, https:\/\/iris.who.int\/server\/api\/core\/bitstreams\/b8870f28-cbb5-441a-b110-d1b8189429b7\/content, [accessed 19 March 2026]."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108690_bib0067","unstructured":"World Health Organization, PEPFAR, UNAIDS. Task shifting : rational redistribution of tasks among health workforce teams: global recommendations and guidelines 2007:88."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108690_bib0068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-016-2339-1","article-title":"Can trained lay providers perform HIV testing services? A review of national HIV testing policies","volume":"10","author":"Flynn","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Res Notes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108690_bib0069","series-title":"HIV testing in Europe: evaluation of the impact of the ECDC guidance on HIV testing : increasing uptake and effectiveness in the European Union","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108690_bib0070","series-title":"HIV testing in Europe and Central Asia: monitoring implementation of the Dublin Declaration on partnership to fight HIV\/AIDS in Europe and Central Asia : 2022 progress report","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108690_bib0071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-016-1685-x","article-title":"Disparities in HIV clinic care across Europe: findings from the EuroSIDA clinic survey","volume":"16","author":"Lazarus","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108690_bib0072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph191912554","article-title":"Chronic kidney disease and nephrology care in people living with HIV in Central\/Eastern Europe and neighbouring countries\u2014Cross-sectional analysis from the ECEE network","volume":"19","author":"Mat\u0142osz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108690_bib0073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2018.03.007","article-title":"HIV care in Central and Eastern Europe: how close are we to the target?","volume":"70","author":"Gokengin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108690_bib0074","unstructured":"The urgency of now: AIDS at a crossroads. Geneva: Joint United Nations Programme on HIV\/AIDS; 2024. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO. https:\/\/www.unaids.org\/en\/resources\/documents\/2024\/global-aids-update-2024. [accessed 19 March 2026]."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108690_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Papadopoulos A, Thomas K, Protopapas K, Antonyak S, Begovac J, Dragovic G, et al. HIV treatment strategies across Central, Eastern and southeastern Europe: new times, old problems n.d. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/hiv.13416.","DOI":"10.1111\/hiv.13416"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108690_bib0076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.05.013","article-title":"HIV care in times of the COVID-19 crisis - where are we now in Central and Eastern Europe?","volume":"96","author":"Kowalska","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108690_bib0077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7595","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19137595","article-title":"The Management of HIV Care Services in Central and Eastern Europe: data from the Euroguidelines in Central and Eastern Europe Network Group","volume":"19","author":"Skrzat-Klapaczy\u0144ska","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Env Res Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108690_bib0078","unstructured":"Kase K, Skrzat-Klapaczy\u0144ska A, Kowalska JD Viral hepatitis in HIV-positive patients \u2013 testing, prophylaxis and treatment in Central and Eastern Europe n.d."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108690_bib0079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1111\/hiv.13194","article-title":"National strategies for vaccination against COVID-19 in people living with HIV in Central and Eastern European region","volume":"23","author":"Jilich","year":"2022","journal-title":"HIV Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108690_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1111\/hiv.12480","article-title":"HIV continuum of care in Europe and Central Asia","volume":"18","author":"Drew","year":"2017","journal-title":"HIV Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108690_bib0081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/S2055-6640(20)30249-1","article-title":"The impact of HIV prevalence, conflict, corruption, and GDP\/capita on treatment cascades: data from 137 countries","volume":"4","author":"Levi","year":"2026","journal-title":"J Virus Erad"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108690_bib0082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000001761","article-title":"Substantial heterogeneity in progress toward reaching the 90-90-90 HIV target in the WHO European Region","volume":"79","author":"Porter","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108690_bib0083","unstructured":"UNAIDS Data 2021, https:\/\/www.unaids.org\/sites\/default\/files\/media_asset\/JC3032_AIDS_Data_book_2021_En.pdf, [accessed 19 March 2026]."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108690_bib0084","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/hiv.12174","article-title":"The HIV cascade of care in Georgia: implications for countries in Eastern Europe and Central Asia (EECA)","volume":"16","author":"Donoghoe","year":"2015","journal-title":"HIV Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108690_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/2050312117731977","article-title":"Cascade of care among HIV patients diagnosed in 2013 in Georgia: risk factors for late diagnosis and attrition from HIV care","volume":"5","author":"Ruadze","year":"2017","journal-title":"SAGE Open Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108690_bib0086","article-title":"HIV cascade of care in Turkey: data from the HIV-TR cohort","volume":"20","author":"Gokengin","year":"2019","journal-title":"HIV MED"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108690_bib0087","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0207355","article-title":"HIV cascade of care in Greece: useful insights from additional stages","volume":"13","author":"Vourli","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108690_bib0088","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0162739","article-title":"Poor linkage to care despite significant improvement in access to early cART in Central Poland \u2013 data from test and keep in care (TAK) project","volume":"11","author":"Kowalska","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108690_bib0089","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-018-1154-0","article-title":"Cascade of care and factors associated with virological suppression among HIV-positive persons linked to care in the test and keep in care (TAK) project","volume":"46","author":"Kowalska","year":"2018","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108690_bib0090","unstructured":"MINISTERUL S\u0102N\u0102T\u0102\u0162II INSTITUTUL NA\u0162IONAL DE BOLI INFEC\u0162IOASE \u201cPROF.DR.MATEI BAL\u015e\u201d compartimentul pentru monitorizarea \u015fi Evaluarea Infec\u0163iei HIV\/SIDA \u00een Rom\u00e2nia DATE GENERALE LA 30 IUNIE 2015 https:\/\/www.cnlas.ro\/images\/doc\/01122017_rom.pdf. [accessed 01 July 2025]"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108690_bib0091","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7448\/IAS.17.4.19506","article-title":"The cascade of HIV care in Russia, 2011\u20132013","volume":"17","author":"Pokrovskaya","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Int AIDS Soc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108690_bib0092","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2905","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa696","article-title":"Human Immunodeficiency Virus continuum of care in 11 European Union countries at the end of 2016 overall and by key population: have we made progress?","volume":"71","author":"Vourli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108690_bib0093","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2807","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000002035","article-title":"Variation in antiretroviral treatment coverage and virological suppression among three HIV key populations","volume":"32","author":"Laut","year":"2018","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108690_bib0094","unstructured":"UNAIDS Data 2019, https:\/\/www.unaids.org\/sites\/default\/files\/media_asset\/2019-UNAIDS-data_en.pdf, [accessed 01 July 2025]"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108690_bib0095","unstructured":"hiv_msm-cascade_summary_2021_eng.pdf n.d."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108690_bib0096","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0244572","article-title":"HIV treatment cascade among people who inject drugs in Ukraine","volume":"15","author":"Sazonova","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108690_bib0097","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1421","DOI":"10.1111\/add.13798","article-title":"Engagement in HIV care and its correlates among people who inject drugs in St. Petersburg, Russian Federation and Kohtla-J\u00e4rve, Estonia","volume":"112","author":"Heimer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108690_bib0098","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1111\/hiv.12807","article-title":"HIV testing strategies outside of health care settings in the European Union (EU)\/European Economic Area (EEA): a systematic review to inform European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control guidance","volume":"21","author":"Croxford","year":"2020","journal-title":"HIV Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108690_bib0099","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e438","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(22)00125-4","article-title":"Unified European support framework to sustain the HIV cascade of care for people living with HIV including in displaced populations of war-struck Ukraine","volume":"9","author":"Vasylyev","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet HIV"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108690_bib0100","unstructured":"Support for displaced Health Care Professionals from Ukraine. EACSociety n.d. https:\/\/www.eacsociety.org\/activities\/support-for-displaced-health-care-professionals-from-ukraine\/ [accessed 26 August 2024)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108690_bib0101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1887","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000003355","article-title":"Preliminary report on the provision of HIV care to war refugees with HIV who are migrating from Ukraine: data from the ECEE Network Group","volume":"36","author":"Kowalska","year":"2022","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108690_bib0102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/hiv.12603","article-title":"Monitoring the HIV continuum of care in key populations across Europe and Central Asia","author":"Brown","year":"2018","journal-title":"HIV Med"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1201971226003255?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1201971226003255?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,14]],"date-time":"2026-06-14T18:16:09Z","timestamp":1781460969000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1201971226003255"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"references-count":101,"alternative-id":["S1201971226003255"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108690","relation":{},"ISSN":["1201-9712"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1201-9712","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"The evolving HIV landscape in Central and Eastern Europe: progress, gaps, and future directions\u2014Part I","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"International Journal of Infectious Diseases","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108690","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of International Society for Infectious Diseases.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"108690"}}