{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T02:53:01Z","timestamp":1781578381026,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777420800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005612","name":"Shionogi and Co Ltd","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005612","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","ijidonline.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["International Journal of Infectious Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108754","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T15:20:23Z","timestamp":1777735223000},"page":"108754","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Impact of early oral antiviral use for outpatients with COVID-19 on healthcare utilization and recovery (ANCHOR-02)"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"169","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1638-5027","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Makoto","family":"Hibino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayumi","family":"Shintani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroyuki","family":"Murayama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nobuyuki","family":"Morikawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hikari","family":"Higa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sho","family":"Nishiguchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eiji","family":"Monma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bumpachi","family":"Kakii","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sadaharu","family":"Asami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hidemitsu","family":"Nakagawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naoko","family":"Kudo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yohei","family":"Maeda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masahiro","family":"Kinoshita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takahiro","family":"Yoden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yusaku","family":"Takahashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shinichi","family":"Higashiue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108754_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4249","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-59012-w","article-title":"The risk of long Covid symptoms: a systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled studies","volume":"16","author":"O\u2019Mahoney","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108754_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2020.101755","article-title":"An update on SARS-CoV-2\/COVID-19 with particular reference to its clinical pathology, pathogenesis, immunopathology and mitigation strategies","volume":"37","author":"Dhama","year":"2020","journal-title":"Travel Med Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108754_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.200869","article-title":"Anosmia and dysgeusia associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection: an age-matched case\u2013control study","volume":"192","author":"Carignan","year":"2020","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108754_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.03.004","article-title":"The SARS-CoV-2 outbreak: what we know","volume":"94","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108754_bib0005","first-page":"638","article-title":"Surging ICU during COVID-19 pandemic: an overview","volume":"28","author":"Arabi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr Opin Crit Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108754_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-023-03234-6","article-title":"Substantial health and economic burden of COVID-19 during the year after acute illness among US adults at high risk of severe COVID-19","volume":"22","author":"Scott","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108754_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/ash.2022.253","article-title":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): secondary bacterial infections and the impact on antimicrobial resistance during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"2","author":"Markovskaya","year":"2022","journal-title":"Antimicrob Steward Healthc Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108754_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.946512","article-title":"Long COVID or post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 Infection (PASC) and the urgent need to identify diagnostic biomarkers and risk factors","volume":"30","author":"Parums","year":"2024","journal-title":"Med Sci Monit"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108754_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamahealthforum.2022.1809","article-title":"The costs of long COVID","volume":"3","author":"Cutler","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Health Forum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108754_bib0010","unstructured":"Gilead Sciences Inc. VEKLURY (remdesivir), injection, for intravenous use. 2025. https:\/\/www.gilead.com\/-\/media\/files\/pdfs\/medicines\/covid-19\/veklury\/veklury_pi.pdf. [accessed 14 December 2025]."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108754_bib0011","unstructured":"Pfizer Inc. PAXLOVID (nirmatrelvir tablets; ritonavir tablets), co-packaged for oral use. 2025. https:\/\/labeling.pfizer.com\/ShowLabeling.aspx?id=19599. [accessed 14 December 2025]."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108754_bib0012","unstructured":"Merck Sharp & Dohme LLC. LAGEVRIO (molnupiravir) capsules, for oral use. 2024. https:\/\/www.merck.com\/eua\/molnupiravir-hcp-fact-sheet.pdf. [accessed 20 January 2026]."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108754_bib0013","unstructured":"Shionogi & Co. Ltd. XOCOVA (ensitrelvir fumaric acid) pack: patient medicine guide for ensitrelvir. 2025. https:\/\/med.shionogi.co.jp\/disease\/infection\/covid19\/xocova.html?bid=7. [accessed 20 January 2026]."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108754_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2025.1520811","article-title":"Advancements in the development of antivirals against SARS-Coronavirus","volume":"15","author":"Kumar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108754_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1397","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2118542","article-title":"Oral nirmatrelvir for high-risk, nonhospitalized adults with Covid-19","volume":"386","author":"Hammond","year":"2022","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108754_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2116044","article-title":"Molnupiravir for oral treatment of Covid-19 in nonhospitalized patients","volume":"386","author":"Jayk Bernal","year":"2022","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108754_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.54991","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of 5-day oral ensitrelvir for patients with mild to moderate COVID-19: the SCORPIO-SR randomized clinical trial","volume":"7","author":"Yotsuyanagi","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108754_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1821","DOI":"10.1007\/s40121-024-01010-4","article-title":"Real-world effectiveness of ensitrelvir in reducing severe outcomes in outpatients at high risk for COVID-19","volume":"13","author":"Takazono","year":"2024","journal-title":"Infect Dis Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108754_bib0019","article-title":"A prospective nationwide COVID-19 healthcare outcomes registry-based cohort study in Japan: ANCHOR study","volume":"6","author":"Hibino","year":"2025","journal-title":"Med Case Rep Study Protoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108754_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2026.11983","article-title":"Early-Phase Oral Antiviral Use and Post-COVID-19 Condition in Outpatients","volume":"9","author":"Hibino","year":"2026","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108754_bib0021","unstructured":"covSPECTRUM Japan. All lineages, 2025. https:\/\/cov-spectrum.org\/explore\/Japan\/AllSamples\/from%3D2024-02-01%26to%3D2025-01-31\/variants?&. [accessed 21 November 2025]."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108754_bib0023","first-page":"e462","article-title":"Physician prescribing behavior and its impact on patient-level outcomes","volume":"17","author":"Joyce","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Manag Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108754_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.3201\/eid3001.230414","article-title":"Effectiveness of vaccines and antiviral drugs in preventing severe and fatal COVID-19, Hong Kong","volume":"30","author":"Cheung","year":"2024","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108754_bib0025","article-title":"Antiviral agents for the treatment of COVID-19: progress and challenges","volume":"3","author":"Singh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Rep Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108754_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/s41479-025-00168-w","article-title":"Clinical effectiveness of oral antiviral treatment for non-hospitalized high-risk patients with COVID-19 during Omicron JN.1 subvariant wave: a US-based propensity-matched cohort study","volume":"17","author":"Hsu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pneumonia (Nathan)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108754_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiac.2025.102669","article-title":"The time to return-to-work in healthcare workers with COVID-19 treated with ensitrelvir, a novel oral inhibitor of 3C-like protease of SARS-CoV-2: an observational study utilizing pre-existing data from a single hospital","volume":"31","author":"Katsuta","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Infect Chemother"},{"issue":"25","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108754_bib0028","first-page":"00482","article-title":"Antiviral efficacy of oral ensitrelvir versus oral ritonavir-boosted nirmatrelvir in COVID-19 (PLATCOV): an open-label, phase 2, randomised, controlled, adaptive trial","volume":"S1473-3099","author":"Schilling","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108754_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-024-04755-5","article-title":"Risk factors, outcomes, and epidemiological and etiological study of hospitalized COVID-19 patients with bacterial co-infection and secondary infections","volume":"43","author":"Duan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108754_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2024.107078","article-title":"Prevalence, risk factors, and outcomes of secondary infections among hospitalized patients with COVID-19 or post-COVID-19 conditions in Victoria, 2020-2023","volume":"145","author":"Murray","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1201971226003899?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1201971226003899?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T02:38:15Z","timestamp":1781577495000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1201971226003899"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"references-count":29,"alternative-id":["S1201971226003899"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108754","relation":{},"ISSN":["1201-9712"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1201-9712","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Impact of early oral antiviral use for outpatients with COVID-19 on healthcare utilization and recovery (ANCHOR-02)","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"International Journal of Infectious Diseases","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108754","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of International Society for Infectious Diseases.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"108754"}}