{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T15:51:26Z","timestamp":1791215486943,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781827200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000009","name":"Foundation for the National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000009","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","ijidonline.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["International Journal of Infectious Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108907","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T16:25:30Z","timestamp":1782404730000},"page":"108907","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Detection of hepatitis B virus in cerebrospinal fluid of people with HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis in Botswana"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"170","author":[{"given":"Basetsana K.S.","family":"Phakedi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bonolo B.","family":"Phinius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kesaobaka","family":"Molebatsi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nametso","family":"Kelentse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lynnette","family":"Bhebhe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linda Mpofu","family":"Dobo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kabo","family":"Baruti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chanana","family":"Tsayang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Graceful","family":"Mulenga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tsholofelo","family":"Ratsoma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gorata","family":"Mpebe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nokuthula S.","family":"Ndlovu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wonderful","family":"Choga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David S.","family":"Lawrence","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sikhulile","family":"Moyo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph N.","family":"Jarvis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irene","family":"Gobe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Motswedi","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-9029-6427","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simani","family":"Gaseitsiwe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108907_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2241","DOI":"10.4254\/wjh.v7.i20.2241","article-title":"Compartmentalization of hepatitis B virus: looking beyond the liver","volume":"7","author":"Datta","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108907_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-010-1366-8","article-title":"The study on role of peripheral blood mononuclear cell in HBV intrauterine infection","volume":"283","author":"Bai","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch Gynecol Obstet"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108907_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1111\/jvh.12308","article-title":"Hepatitis B virus (HBV) variants fluctuate in paired plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cells among patient cohorts during different chronic hepatitis B (CHB) disease phases","volume":"22","author":"Coffin","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Viral Hepat"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108907_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2005.01.016","article-title":"Hepatitis B virus infection in lymphatic tissues in inactive hepatitis B carriers","volume":"42","author":"Umeda","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108907_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/v12121404","article-title":"HIV-1C env and gag variation in the cerebrospinal fluid and plasma of patients with HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis in Botswana","volume":"12","author":"Kelentse","year":"2020","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108907_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2011400","article-title":"Multiorgan and renal tropism of SARS-CoV-2","volume":"383","author":"Puelles","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108907_bib0007","article-title":"The central nervous system is a potential reservoir and possible origin of drug resistance in HBV","volume":"9","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Virus Erad"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108907_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2015.10.007","article-title":"Increased intrahepatic quasispecies heterogeneity correlates with off-treatment sustained response to nucleoside analogues in e antigen-positive chronic hepatitis B patients","volume":"22","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108907_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387.e5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2014.11.012","article-title":"Hepatitis B virus compartmentalization in the cerebrospinal fluid of HIV-infected patients","volume":"21","author":"Ene","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108907_bib0010","first-page":"277","article-title":"Expression of hepatitis B virus antigen in brain tissue from liver cirrhosis patients with hepatitis B and its significance","volume":"15","author":"Shang","year":"2001","journal-title":"Zhonghua Shi Yan He Lin Chuang Bing Du Xue Za Zhi"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108907_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.01.001","article-title":"HBV drug resistance: mechanisms, detection and interpretation","volume":"44","author":"Shaw","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108907_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2893.2010.01321.x","article-title":"Molecular characterization of intrahepatic and extrahepatic hepatitis B virus (HBV) reservoirs in patients on suppressive antiviral therapy","volume":"18","author":"Coffin","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Viral Hepat"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108907_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1972","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2015-309809","article-title":"HBV cccDNA: viral persistence reservoir and key obstacle for a cure of chronic hepatitis B","volume":"64","author":"Nassal","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108907_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e318247ec54","article-title":"Low CSF concentrations of the nucleotide HIV reverse transcriptase inhibitor, tenofovir","volume":"59","author":"Best","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108907_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurol.2007.31","article-title":"Validation of the CNS penetration-effectiveness rank for quantifying antiretroviral penetration into the central nervous system","volume":"65","author":"Letendre","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108907_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.13122","article-title":"Landmark clinical observations and immunopathogenesis pathways linked to HIV and Cryptococcus fatal central nervous system co-infection","volume":"63","author":"Okurut","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108907_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.4161\/viru.18685","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of cryptococcal meningitis","volume":"3","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108907_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12061207","article-title":"Hepatitis B virus prevalence among HIV-uninfected people living in rural and peri-urban areas in Botswana","volume":"12","author":"Anderson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108907_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.3390\/v16040592","article-title":"High prevalence of hepatitis B Virus drug resistance mutations to lamivudine among people with HIV\/HBV coinfection in rural and peri-urban communities in Botswana","volume":"16","author":"Phinius","year":"2024","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108907_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1342862","article-title":"Persistence and risk factors of occult hepatitis B virus infections among antiretroviral therapy-na\u00efve people living with HIV in Botswana","volume":"15","author":"Anderson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108907_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2111904","article-title":"Single-dose liposomal amphotericin B treatment for cryptococcal meningitis","volume":"386","author":"Jarvis","year":"2022","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108907_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-018-3026-4","article-title":"AMBIsome Therapy Induction OptimisatioN (AMBITION): high dose AmBisome for cryptococcal meningitis induction therapy in sub-Saharan Africa: study protocol for a phase 3 randomised controlled non-inferiority trial","volume":"19","author":"Lawrence","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trials"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108907_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofac707","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofac707","article-title":"High prevalence of hepatitis B virus infection among people with HIV in rural and periurban communities in Botswana","volume":"10","author":"Phinius","year":"2023","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108907_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-015-1096-4","article-title":"Molecular characterisation of hepatitis B virus in HIV-1 subtype C infected patients in Botswana","volume":"15","author":"Anderson","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108907_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-8-315","article-title":"Genotyping the hepatitis B virus with a fragment of the HBV DNA polymerase gene in Shenyang, China","volume":"8","author":"Ma","year":"2011","journal-title":"Virol J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108907_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shaw A, Fitz S. Rapid Barcoding Protocol V14. protocols.io. 2024. doi:10.17504\/protocols.io.n92ld8ew8v5b\/v1.","DOI":"10.17504\/protocols.io.n92ld8ew8v5b\/v1"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108907_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1969","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/mss075","article-title":"Bayesian phylogenetics with BEAUti and the BEAST 1.7","volume":"29","author":"Drummond","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108907_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1007\/s11262-018-1610-z","article-title":"Molecular characterization of hepatitis B virus in blood donors in Botswana","volume":"55","author":"Choga","year":"2019","journal-title":"Virus Genes"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108907_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1812281","article-title":"Universal testing, expanded treatment, and incidence of HIV infection in Botswana","volume":"381","author":"Makhema","year":"2019","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108907_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy1066","article-title":"Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 RNA detected in the central nervous system (CNS) after years of suppressive antiretroviral therapy can originate from a replicating CNS reservoir or clonally expanded cells","volume":"69","author":"Joseph","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108907_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1007\/s13365-018-0642-4","article-title":"Incidence of symptomatic CSF viral escape in HIV infected patients receiving atazanavir\/ritonavir (ATV\/r)-containing ART: a tertiary care cohort in western India","volume":"24","author":"Patel","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Neurovirol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108907_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01481-w","article-title":"The blood-brain barrier: structure, regulation, and drug delivery","volume":"8","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108907_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0134037","article-title":"Prevalence and characteristics of hepatitis B virus (HBV) coinfection among HIV-positive women in South Africa and Botswana","volume":"10","author":"Matthews","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108907_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1612","DOI":"10.1086\/508865","article-title":"Serological evidence of HIV-associated infection among HIV-1\u2014infected adults in Botswana","volume":"43","author":"Wester","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108907_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.12055","article-title":"Management of HBV in immunocompromised patients","volume":"33","author":"Pol","year":"2013","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108907_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1007\/s13365-018-0662-0","article-title":"Contribution of quantitative viral markers to document hepatitis B virus compartmentalization in cerebrospinal fluid during hepatitis B with neuropathies","volume":"24","author":"Pronier","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Neurovirol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108907_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2008.01.002","article-title":"Analysis of the full-length genome of hepatitis B virus in the serum and cerebrospinal fluid of a patient with acute hepatitis B and transverse myelitis","volume":"41","author":"Inoue","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Virol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108907_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkac372","article-title":"High concordance in plasma and CSF HIV-1 drug resistance mutations despite high cases of CSF viral escape in individuals with HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis in Botswana","volume":"78","author":"Kelentse","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108907_bib0039","series-title":"Guidelines for the prevention, diagnosis, care and treatment for people with chronic hepatitis B infection","year":"2024"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108907_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.3390\/v2061279","article-title":"Antiviral treatment of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections","volume":"2","author":"De Clercq","year":"2010","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108907_bib0041","article-title":"Chronic hepatitis B virus persistence: mechanisms and insights","volume":"17","author":"Naidu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108907_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1086\/650538","article-title":"Discordance between cerebral spinal fluid and plasma HIV replication in patients with neurological symptoms who are receiving suppressive antiretroviral therapy","volume":"50","author":"Canestri","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108907_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.23183","article-title":"Comprehensive analysis of the prevalence of hepatitis B virus escape mutations in the major hydrophilic region of surface antigen","volume":"84","author":"Ma","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108907_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1007\/s11262-012-0715-z","article-title":"Mutations in the S gene region of hepatitis B virus genotype D in Golestan Province-Iran","volume":"44","author":"Moradi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Virus Genes"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1201971226005424?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1201971226005424?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T14:57:56Z","timestamp":1791212276000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1201971226005424"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"references-count":44,"alternative-id":["S1201971226005424"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108907","relation":{},"ISSN":["1201-9712"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1201-9712","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Detection of hepatitis B virus in cerebrospinal fluid of people with HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis in Botswana","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"International Journal of Infectious Diseases","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108907","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of International Society for Infectious Diseases.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"108907"}}