{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T12:39:15Z","timestamp":1793709555869,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790121600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","ijidonline.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["International Journal of Infectious Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.109147","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T15:43:25Z","timestamp":1790351005000},"page":"109147","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Implications of different SOFA score variants for outcome prediction in emergency department patients with an infection: a multicenter cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"173","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1518-8603","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tamar J.","family":"van der Aart","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8582-1614","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carolina","family":"Hincapi\u00e9-Osorno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2926-4942","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isaac Santiago","family":"Arango-Gil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4708-6943","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Konstantin","family":"F\u00f6hse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9957-3703","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacobien J","family":"Hoogerwerf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7315-5367","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabi\u00e1n","family":"Jaimes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4660-3400","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacqueline","family":"Koeze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7145-3240","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"van Londen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0353-4011","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan C.","family":"ter Maaten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2397-0125","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaap","family":"ten Oever","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4225-9400","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ren\u00e9e A.M.","family":"Tuinte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5677-8557","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos E.","family":"Vallejo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2106-7699","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raymond J.","family":"van Wijk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1032-321X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hjalmar R.","family":"Bouma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0675-8459","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Douwe F.","family":"Postma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.109147_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01709751","article-title":"The SOFA (Sepsis-related Organ Failure Assessment) score to describe organ dysfunction\/failure. On behalf of the working group on sepsis-related problems of the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine","volume":"22","author":"Vincent","year":"1996","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.109147_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.0287","article-title":"The third international consensus definitions for sepsis and septic shock (Sepsis-3)","volume":"315","author":"Singer","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.109147_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.2217\/cer-2021-0079","article-title":"Missing data methods for intensive care unit SOFA scores in electronic health records studies: results from a Monte Carlo simulation","volume":"11","author":"Brinton","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Comp Eff Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.109147_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-67089-4","article-title":"Observational study of missing SOFA score data frequency in RCTs relative to ICU length of stay","volume":"14","author":"Molinnus","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.109147_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000006532","article-title":"Mastering the sequential organ failure assessment score: critical choices of score statistic, timing, imputations, and competing risk handling in major trials: a systematic review","volume":"53","author":"Marmiere","year":"2025","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.109147_bib0006","article-title":"calculating sofa scores when arterial blood gasses are not available: validating SpO2\/FiO2 ratios for imputing PaO2\/FiO2 ratios in the sofa score: 4","volume":"34","author":"Pandharipande","year":"2006","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.109147_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000003521","article-title":"Sepsis surveillance using adult sepsis events simplified eSOFA criteria versus Sepsis-3 sequential organ failure assessment criteria","volume":"47","author":"Rhee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.109147_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1001\/dmp.2010.40","article-title":"A modified sequential organ failure assessment score for critical care triage","volume":"4","author":"Grissom","year":"2010","journal-title":"Disaster Med Public Health Prep"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.109147_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-047349","article-title":"Cohort profile of Acutelines: a large data\/biobank of acute and emergency medicine","volume":"11","author":"Ter Avest","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.109147_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2025.103401","article-title":"Development and validation of an interpretable machine learning model for retrospective identification of suspected infection for sepsis surveillance: a multicentre cohort study","volume":"87","author":"Tuinte","year":"2025","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.109147_bib0011","unstructured":"van Wijk RJ, Hincapi\u00e9-Osorno C (2025). Acutelines.Datatoolbox: toolbox to work with Acutelines biobank data, https:\/\/github.com\/UMCG-SEH\/acutelines.datatoolbox, https:\/\/umcg-seh.github.io\/acutelines.datatoolbox\/ [accessed 10 July 2026]."},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.109147_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1754","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.286.14.1754","article-title":"Serial evaluation of the SOFA score to predict outcome in critically ill patients","volume":"286","author":"Ferreira","year":"2001","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.109147_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.20328","article-title":"Prognostic accuracy of the SOFA score, SIRS criteria, and qSOFA score for In-hospital mortality among adults with suspected infection admitted to the intensive care unit","volume":"317","author":"Raith","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.109147_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2016.01.003","article-title":"Nonlinear imputation of Pao2\/Fio2 from Spo2\/Fio2 among patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"150","author":"Brown","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.109147_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1989.67.2.902","article-title":"Determination of PO2 from saturation","volume":"67","author":"Ellis","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol (1985)"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.109147_bib0016","first-page":"299","article-title":"Jaundice in the adult patient","volume":"69","author":"Roche","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am Fam Physician"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.109147_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9681(87)90171-8","article-title":"A new method of classifying prognostic comorbidity in longitudinal studies: development and validation","volume":"40","author":"Charlson","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Chron Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.109147_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.3368\/jhr.50.2.317","article-title":"A practitioner\u2019s guide to cluster-robust inference","volume":"50","author":"Colin Cameron","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Human Resources"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.109147_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ranzani OT, Singer M, Salluh JIF, Shankar-Hari M, Pilcher D, Berger-Estilita J, et al. Development and validation of the sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA)-2 score. JAMA 2025. doi: 10.1001\/jama.2025.20516.","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2025.20516"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.109147_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1007\/s001340050931","article-title":"The use of maximum SOFA score to quantify organ dysfunction\/failure in intensive care. Results of a prospective, multicentre study. Working Group on Sepsis related Problems of the ESICM","volume":"25","author":"Moreno","year":"1999","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.109147_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-019-2663-7","article-title":"The SOFA score-development, utility and challenges of accurate assessment in clinical trials","volume":"23","author":"Lambden","year":"2019","journal-title":"Crit Care (London, Engl)"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.109147_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-017-1609-1","article-title":"SOFA and mortality endpoints in randomized controlled trials: a systematic review and meta-regression analysis","volume":"21","author":"de Grooth","year":"2017","journal-title":"Crit Care (London, Engl)"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.109147_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.0288","article-title":"Assessment of clinical criteria for sepsis: for the third international consensus definitions for sepsis and septic shock (Sepsis-3)","volume":"315","author":"Seymour","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.109147_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e31819cefa9","article-title":"Derivation and validation of Spo2\/Fio2 ratio to impute for Pao2\/Fio2 ratio in the respiratory component of the sequential organ failure assessment score","volume":"37","author":"Pandharipande","year":"2009","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.109147_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-022-04290-9","article-title":"The sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) Score: has the time come for an update?","volume":"27","author":"Moreno","year":"2023","journal-title":"Crit Care (London, Engl)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.109147_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/s40560-018-0279-7","article-title":"Utility of SOFA score, management and outcomes of sepsis in Southeast Asia: a multinational multicenter prospective observational study","volume":"6","author":"Lie","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Intensive Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.109147_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-6576.2008.01825.x","article-title":"Accuracy of sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) scoring in clinical practice","volume":"53","author":"Tallgren","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1201971226007824?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1201971226007824?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T12:22:19Z","timestamp":1793708539000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1201971226007824"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"references-count":27,"alternative-id":["S1201971226007824"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.109147","relation":{},"ISSN":["1201-9712"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1201-9712","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Implications of different SOFA score variants for outcome prediction in emergency department patients with an infection: a multicenter cohort study","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"International Journal of Infectious Diseases","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.109147","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of International Society for Infectious Diseases.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"109147"}}