{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T12:38:46Z","timestamp":1793709526877,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791072000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","ijidonline.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["International Journal of Infectious Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.109167","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T23:44:24Z","timestamp":1791243864000},"page":"109167","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["The use of adjunctive interferon-\u03b3 therapy for complex mycobacterial disease in patients with advanced HIV: a case series"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"173","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-3483-1262","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Se\u00e1n","family":"Donohue","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clara","family":"O\u2019Flaherty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annmarie","family":"White","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6651-1132","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Colm","family":"Bergin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.109167_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e3283217f9f","article-title":"HIV pathogenesis: 25 years of progress and persistent challenges","volume":"23","author":"Levy","year":"2009","journal-title":"Aids"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.109167_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2013.00498","article-title":"The significance of interferon-\u03b3 in HIV-1 pathogenesis, therapy, and prophylaxis","volume":"4","author":"Roff","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.109167_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2016.01.019","article-title":"A common variant in the adaptor mal regulates interferon gamma signaling","volume":"44","author":"N\u00ed Cheallaigh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.109167_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2022.03.004","article-title":"Mendelian susceptibility to mycobacterial diseases: state of the art","volume":"28","author":"Noma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.109167_bib0005","series-title":"Global Tuberculosis Report 2025","year":"2025"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.109167_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra2308181","article-title":"HIV-associated tuberculosis","volume":"391","author":"Meintjes","year":"2024","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.109167_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0151682","article-title":"High mortality of disseminated non-tuberculous mycobacterial infection in HIV-infected patients in the antiretroviral therapy era","volume":"11","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.109167_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-7961-9-10","article-title":"Chronic granulomatous disease: a review of the infectious and inflammatory complications","volume":"9","author":"Song","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Mol Allergy"},{"issue":"9064","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.109167_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1513","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)12273-X","article-title":"Treatment of multidrug-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis with interferon-gamma via aerosol","volume":"349","author":"Condos","year":"1997","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.109167_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0006984","article-title":"Immunomodulation with recombinant interferon-\u03b31b in pulmonary tuberculosis","volume":"4","author":"Dawson","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.109167_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e594","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2011.05.002","article-title":"Adjunctive therapy with interferon-gamma for the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis: a systematic review","volume":"15","author":"Gao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.109167_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.72.3.1275-1283.2004","article-title":"Aerosolized gamma interferon (IFN-\u03b3) induces expression of the genes encoding the IFN-\u03b3-inducible 10-kilodalton protein but not inducible nitric oxide synthase in the lung during tuberculosis","volume":"72","author":"Raju","year":"2004","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.109167_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.152.3.7663788","article-title":"Aerosolized interferon gamma for Mycobacterium avium-complex lung disease","volume":"152","author":"Chatte","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.109167_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1348","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199405123301904","article-title":"Treatment of refractory disseminated nontuberculous mycobacterial infection with interferon gamma. A preliminary report","volume":"330","author":"Holland","year":"1994","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.109167_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-8-17","article-title":"Adjuvant interferon gamma in patients with pulmonary atypical mycobacteriosis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study","volume":"8","author":"Milan\u00e9s-Virelles","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.109167_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/166.3.686","article-title":"Interferon-gamma treatment for Mycobacterium avium-intracellular complex bacillemia in patients with AIDS","volume":"166","author":"Squires","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.109167_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa753","article-title":"To induce immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome or suppress it: the spectrum of Mycobacterium genavense in the antiretroviral era","volume":"72","author":"Manion","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.109167_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e81","DOI":"10.1086\/318705","article-title":"No beneficial effect of interferon-gamma treatment in 2 human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients with Mycobacterium avium complex infection","volume":"32","author":"Lauw","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.109167_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.195866","article-title":"IFN-\u03b3-induced trained immunity enhances killing of priority pathogens in healthy and genetically vulnerable individuals","volume":"11","author":"Murphy","year":"2026","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.109167_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-50059-3","article-title":"HIV inhibits Warburg metabolism in human macrophages infected with mycobacterium tuberculosis","volume":"16","author":"Brown","year":"2026","journal-title":"Sci Rep"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1201971226008027?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1201971226008027?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T12:18:40Z","timestamp":1793708320000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1201971226008027"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"references-count":20,"alternative-id":["S1201971226008027"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.109167","relation":{},"ISSN":["1201-9712"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1201-9712","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"The use of adjunctive interferon-\u03b3 therapy for complex mycobacterial disease in patients with advanced HIV: a case series","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"International Journal of Infectious Diseases","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.109167","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of International Society for Infectious Diseases.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"109167"}}