{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T12:39:06Z","timestamp":1793709546679,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792022400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","ijidonline.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["International Journal of Infectious Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.109193","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T22:39:06Z","timestamp":1792276746000},"page":"109193","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Repeat antimicrobial susceptibility testing of serial bacterial isolates: clinical utility and diagnostic stewardship"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"173","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-3769-1832","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tokeshwar Kumar","family":"Sahu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9054-472X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pravin","family":"Gadkari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6075-7505","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaishriram","family":"Rathored","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.109193_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.00074-22","article-title":"Guiding antimicrobial stewardship through thoughtful antimicrobial susceptibility testing and reporting strategies: an updated approach in 2023","volume":"61","author":"Pierce","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.109193_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.00463-23","article-title":"Less is more: when to repeat antimicrobial susceptibility testing","author":"Sarink","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.109193_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2026.06.028","article-title":"How stable are antimicrobial susceptibility profiles in serial clinical isolates? A retrospective study informing repeat-testing strategies","author":"Godelaine","year":"2026","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.109193_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1108","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.27.5.1108-1111.1989","article-title":"Repeat antimicrobial susceptibility testing of identical isolates","volume":"27","author":"Thomson","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.109193_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1638","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2021.02.012","article-title":"Variability of antibiograms: how often do changes in the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern occur in isolates from one patient?","volume":"27","author":"K\u00f6ck","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.109193_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.01886-22","article-title":"Contemporary considerations for establishing reference methods for antibacterial susceptibility testing","volume":"61","author":"Humphries","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.109193_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00640-21","article-title":"Variability of beta-lactam broth microdilution for Pseudomonas aeruginosa","volume":"65","author":"Bhalodi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.109193_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1093\/jpids\/piab106","article-title":"Setting antimicrobial susceptibility testing breakpoints: a primer for pediatric infectious diseases specialists on the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute approach","volume":"11","author":"Pierce","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Pediatr Infect Dis Soc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.109193_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4083","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-39416-2","article-title":"Mixed strain pathogen populations accelerate the evolution of antibiotic resistance in patients","volume":"14","author":"Diaz Caballero","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.109193_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4611","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.41.10.4611-4616.2003","article-title":"Effect of duplicate isolates of methicillin-susceptible and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus on antibiogram data","volume":"41","author":"Horvat","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.109193_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02081-13","article-title":"Frequency of susceptibility testing for patients with persistent methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia","volume":"52","author":"Giltner","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.109193_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcot.2024.102510","article-title":"Assessment of change in antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of bacteria causing orthopaedic infections by sequential sampling: a prospective cohort study","volume":"55","author":"Kaushal","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Clin Orthop Trauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.109193_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.5145\/ACM.2026.29.2.7","article-title":"Evaluating the adequacy of intervals for repeat antimicrobial susceptibility testing","volume":"29","author":"Park","year":"2026","journal-title":"Ann Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.109193_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2460","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-22814-9","article-title":"Rapid evolution and host immunity drive the rise and fall of carbapenem resistance during an acute Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection","volume":"12","author":"Wheatley","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.109193_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1241608","article-title":"In host evolution of beta lactam resistance during active treatment for Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteremia","volume":"13","author":"Spottiswoode","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.109193_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.01193-23","article-title":"Divergent genetic landscapes drive lower levels of AmpC induction and stable de-repression in Serratia marcescens compared to Enterobacter cloacae","volume":"68","author":"Lazarus","year":"2024","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.109193_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.101010","article-title":"Prevalence, misclassification, and clinical consequences of the heteroresistant phenotype in Escherichia coli bloodstream infections in patients in Uppsala, Sweden: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"6","author":"Heyman","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Microbe"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.109193_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.05093-22","article-title":"Prevalence and clinical consequences of Colistin heteroresistance and evolution into full resistance in carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii","volume":"11","author":"Kon","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.109193_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2399","DOI":"10.1039\/D2LC01095J","article-title":"Direct single-cell antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Escherichia coli in urine using a ready-to-use 3D microwell array chip","volume":"23","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.109193_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17853","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.2c03604","article-title":"All-In-one Escherichia coli viability assay for multi-dimensional detection of uncomplicated urinary tract infections","volume":"94","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anal Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.109193_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"fuag041","DOI":"10.1093\/femsre\/fuag041","article-title":"From environmental signals to adaptive phenotypes: signal-responsive regulation and network logic of bacterial small RNAs","volume":"50","author":"Yi","year":"2026","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.109193_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.00972-26","article-title":"Risk factors for in vivo emergence of ceftazidime-avibactam resistance in KPC-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae and the associated resistance mechanisms: a case-control study","volume":"14","author":"Chuang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.109193_bib0023","article-title":"Emergence of ceftazidime-avibactam resistance due to plasmid-borne blaKPC-3 mutations during treatment of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae infections","volume":"61","author":"Shields","year":"2017","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.109193_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00084-21","article-title":"In vitro susceptibility of multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa following treatment-emergent resistance to Ceftolozane-Tazobactam","volume":"65","author":"Rubio","year":"2021","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.109193_bib0025","article-title":"Emergence of non-susceptibility during persistent Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteraemia in haematopoietic cell transplant recipients and haematological malignancy patients","volume":"3","author":"Fontana","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAC-Antimicrob Resist"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.109193_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2023.1137975","article-title":"Individualized antibiotic dosage regimens for patients with augmented renal clearance","volume":"14","author":"Shi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.109193_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1615","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciw636","article-title":"Clinical outcomes, drug toxicity, and emergence of ceftazidime-avibactam resistance among patients treated for carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae infections: table 1","volume":"63","author":"Shields","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.109193_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1885799","article-title":"Carbapenem-resistant hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae: molecular evolution, diagnostic markers, and therapeutic challenges","volume":"17","author":"Sahu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.109193_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2023.04.014","article-title":"Efficacy and mortality of ceftazidime\/avibactam-based regimens in carbapenem-resistant gram-negative bacteria infections: a retrospective multicenter observational study","volume":"16","author":"Zhuang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Infect Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.109193_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S505311","article-title":"Effectiveness of omadacycline in a patient with Chlamydia psittaci and KPC-producing gram-negative bacteria infection","volume":"18","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"IDR"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.109193_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.00960-24","article-title":"The foundation for the microbiology laboratory\u2019s essential role in diagnostic stewardship: an ASM Laboratory Practices Subcommittee report","volume":"62","author":"Dumm","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.109193_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1017\/ice.2023.5","article-title":"Principles of diagnostic stewardship: a practical guide from the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America Diagnostic Stewardship Task Force","volume":"44","author":"Fabre","year":"2023","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.109193_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.00239-26","article-title":"Diagnostic stewardship perceptions and practices among microbiology laboratories: a national survey from the American Society for Microbiology","volume":"64","author":"She","year":"2026","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.109193_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3306","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01283-17","article-title":"Integrated stewardship model comprising antimicrobial, infection prevention, and diagnostic stewardship (AID Stewardship)","volume":"55","author":"Dik","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.109193_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.2174\/1574893615999200505074805","article-title":"Detecting TYMS tandem repeat polymorphism by the PSSD method based on next-generation sequencing","volume":"15","author":"He","year":"2021","journal-title":"CBIO"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.109193_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aal3693","article-title":"Rapid pathogen-specific phenotypic antibiotic susceptibility testing using digital LAMP quantification in clinical samples","volume":"9","author":"Schoepp","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.109193_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16426","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.3c04316","article-title":"Enzymatic antimicrobial susceptibility testing with bacteria identification in 30 min","volume":"95","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Anal Chem"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1201971226008283?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1201971226008283?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T12:21:15Z","timestamp":1793708475000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1201971226008283"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"references-count":37,"alternative-id":["S1201971226008283"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.109193","relation":{},"ISSN":["1201-9712"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1201-9712","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Repeat antimicrobial susceptibility testing of serial bacterial isolates: clinical utility and diagnostic stewardship","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"International Journal of Infectious Diseases","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.109193","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of International Society for Infectious Diseases.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"109193"}}