{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,28]],"date-time":"2025-09-28T00:06:16Z","timestamp":1759017976454,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,1]],"date-time":"2018-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1541030400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,1]],"date-time":"2018-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1541030400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,26]],"date-time":"2018-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1537920000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["International Journal of Law and Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijlp.2018.09.003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,9]],"date-time":"2018-10-09T01:11:32Z","timestamp":1539047492000},"page":"13-21","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Alternatives to prison for drug offenders in Belgium during the past decade"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"61","author":[{"given":"Els","family":"Plettinckx","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J\u00e9r\u00f4me","family":"Antoine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lies","family":"Gremeaux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Herman","family":"Van Oyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ijlp.2018.09.003_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrimjus.2015.10.001","article-title":"Exploring the sanction-crime relationship through a lens of procedural justice","volume":"43","author":"Augustyn","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Criminal Justice"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijlp.2018.09.003_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2004.08.023","article-title":"Estimating drug treatment needs among state prison inmates","volume":"77","author":"Belenko","year":"2005","journal-title":"Drug and Alcohol Dependence"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ijlp.2018.09.003_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrimjus.2010.01.001","article-title":"The organizational structure of international drug smuggling","volume":"38","author":"Benson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Criminal Justice"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijlp.2018.09.003_bb0020","first-page":"69","article-title":"Bespreking jaarverslag Dienst Justitiehuizen 1999","volume":"23","author":"Beyens","year":"2002","journal-title":"Panopticon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijlp.2018.09.003_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1177\/206622031300500305","article-title":"Electronic monitoring in Belgium: A penological analysis of current and future orientations","volume":"5","author":"Beyens","year":"2013","journal-title":"European Journal of Probation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijlp.2018.09.003_bb0030","series-title":"Ageing, crime and society","first-page":"230","article-title":"Older offenders and community penalties: a framework for thinking","author":"Bramhall","year":"2006"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ijlp.2018.09.003_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2005.05.007","article-title":"A comparative review of best practice guidelines for the diversion of drug related offenders","volume":"16","author":"Bull","year":"2005","journal-title":"International Journal of Drug Policy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijlp.2018.09.003_bb0040","series-title":"Chriminografische ontwikkelingen II: van (victim-) survey tot penitentiaire statistiek","first-page":"113","article-title":"Bemiddeling in strafzaken. Een blik op de praktijk vanuit SIPAR, de databank van de justitiehuizen","author":"Burssens","year":"2012"},{"year":"2017","series-title":"Comparing apples to organges: differences in women's and men's incarceration and sentencing outcomes","author":"Butcher","key":"10.1016\/j.ijlp.2018.09.003_bb0045"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijlp.2018.09.003_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrimjus.2014.11.001","article-title":"Does substance misuse moderate the relationship between criminal thinking and recidivism?","volume":"43","author":"Caudy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Criminal Justice"},{"year":"2011","series-title":"De drugbehandelingskamer\u202f: een andere manier van afhandelen. Antwerpen","key":"10.1016\/j.ijlp.2018.09.003_bb0055"},{"author":"Council of the European Union","key":"10.1016\/j.ijlp.2018.09.003_bb0060"},{"issue":"10026","key":"10.1016\/j.ijlp.2018.09.003_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1427","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)00619-X","article-title":"Public health and international drug policy","volume":"387","author":"Csete","year":"2016","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"year":"2004","series-title":"Drug policy in figures. Study of the actors involved, cost price calculation and population reached","author":"De Ruyver","key":"10.1016\/j.ijlp.2018.09.003_bb0070"},{"year":"2007","series-title":"Effecten van alternatieve afhandeling voor druggebruikers","author":"De Ruyver","key":"10.1016\/j.ijlp.2018.09.003_bb0075"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ijlp.2018.09.003_bb0080","first-page":"583","article-title":"Naar een meer humane, toegankelijke en effici\u00ebnte justitie De uitdaging van de justitiehuizen","volume":"20","author":"De Valck","year":"1999","journal-title":"Panopticon"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ijlp.2018.09.003_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1007\/s10611-009-9206-0","article-title":"Alternative sanctions for drug us: fruitless efforts or miracle solution?","volume":"52","author":"De Wree","year":"2009","journal-title":"Crime, Law and Social Change"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ijlp.2018.09.003_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1177\/002204260703700405","article-title":"Research on Upper Level Drug Trafficking: A Review","volume":"37","author":"Desroches","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Drug Issues"},{"year":"2002","series-title":"Prosecution of drug users in Europe","author":"European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction","key":"10.1016\/j.ijlp.2018.09.003_bb0095"},{"year":"2015","series-title":"Alternatives to punishment for drug-using offenders","author":"European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction","key":"10.1016\/j.ijlp.2018.09.003_bb0100"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ijlp.2018.09.003_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1080\/07418820500219219","article-title":"Exercising Options: An Assessment of the Use of Alternative Sanctions for Drug Offenders","volume":"22","author":"Gainey","year":"2005","journal-title":"Justice Quarterly"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijlp.2018.09.003_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.whi.2006.11.005","article-title":"Treatment needs and completion of community-based aftercare among substance-abusing women offenders","volume":"17","author":"Grella","year":"2007","journal-title":"Women's Health Issues"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.ijlp.2018.09.003_bb0115","first-page":"1268","article-title":"Chronique de criminology. Les fili\u00e8res p\u00e9nales en mati\u00e8re de drogues: les priorit\u00e9s d\u00e9voil\u00e9es par les chiffres","volume":"2012","author":"Guillain","year":"2012","journal-title":"Revue de Droit P\u00e9nal et de Criminologie"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ijlp.2018.09.003_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrimjus.2011.02.006","article-title":"Pathways through drugs and crime: Desistance, trauma and resilience","volume":"39","author":"Hammersley","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Criminal Justice"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijlp.2018.09.003_bb0125","first-page":"179","article-title":"Justitieassistenten worstelen met SIPAR. Een kijk op het management van de justitiehuizen","volume":"33","author":"Jonckheere","year":"2012","journal-title":"Panopticon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijlp.2018.09.003_bb0130","series-title":"Criminografische ontwikkelingen: van (victim)-survey tot penitentiaire statistiek","first-page":"107","article-title":"Opgesloten of vrij onder voorwaarden in het kader van het vooronderzoek in strafzaken? Analyse van het profiel van verdachten onder aanhoudingsmandaat en vrij onder voorwaarden (VOV) op basis van justiti\u00eble databanken (jaar 2008)","author":"Jonckheere","year":"2010"},{"year":"2009","series-title":"Wetenschappelijke exploitatie van SIPAR, de databank van de justitiehuizen. Analyse van de gegevens betreffende het jaar 2006","author":"Jonckheere","key":"10.1016\/j.ijlp.2018.09.003_bb0135"},{"year":"2016","series-title":"The social cost of legal and illegal drugs in Belgium","author":"Lievens","key":"10.1016\/j.ijlp.2018.09.003_bb0140"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijlp.2018.09.003_bb0145","article-title":"Onderzoeksrapport: Oudere gedetineerden","author":"Maelstaf","year":"2017","journal-title":"onbekend en onbemind"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ijlp.2018.09.003_bb0150","first-page":"73","article-title":"Vijf jaar justitiehuizen: enkele cijfers over de werking van de justitiehuizen tijdens de periode 1999-2002","volume":"25","author":"Maes","year":"2004","journal-title":"Panopticon"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ijlp.2018.09.003_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1093\/bjc\/azq008","article-title":"Are there any true adult-onset offenders?","volume":"50","author":"McGee","year":"2010","journal-title":"The British journal of criminology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ijlp.2018.09.003_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1177\/0264550506063570","article-title":"The challenges associated with drug treatment in prison","volume":"53","author":"McIntosh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Probation Journal"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijlp.2018.09.003_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11292-017-9282-6","article-title":"The effectiveness of prison for reducing drug offender recidivism: a regression discontinuity analysis","volume":"13","author":"Mitchell","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Criminology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijlp.2018.09.003_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1177\/1477370810381665","article-title":"Towards greater consistency in sentencing: Findings from a survey of Belgian magistrates","volume":"8","author":"Monsieurs","year":"2011","journal-title":"European Journal of Criminology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ijlp.2018.09.003_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1080\/00050060412331295081","article-title":"Drug and crime cycle: Evaluating traditional methods versus diversion strategies for drug-related offences","volume":"39","author":"O'Callaghan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Australian Psychologist"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ijlp.2018.09.003_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrimjus.2004.02.007","article-title":"What drives punitive beliefs?: Demographic characteristics and justifications for sentencing","volume":"32","author":"Payne","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Criminal Justice"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijlp.2018.09.003_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2005.10.006","article-title":"Differences in motivation, coping style and self-efficacy among incarcerated male and female drug users","volume":"30","author":"Pelissier","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ijlp.2018.09.003_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-6237.2006.00383.x","article-title":"Gender differences in criminal sentencing: do effects vary across violent, property, and drug offences?","volume":"87","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2006","journal-title":"Social Science Quarterly"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijlp.2018.09.003_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1177\/0022042616678614","article-title":"Comparing black and white drug offenders: implications for racial disparities in criminal justice and reentry policy and programming","volume":"47","author":"Rosenberg","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Drug Issues"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijlp.2018.09.003_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrimjus.2017.07.009","article-title":"Sentencing in light of collateral consequences: Does age matter?","volume":"53(C","author":"Ryon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Criminal Justice"},{"year":"2018","series-title":"Towards gender-sensitive prevention and treatment for female substance users in Belgium","author":"Schamp","key":"10.1016\/j.ijlp.2018.09.003_bb0205"},{"author":"Service de la politique criminelle","key":"10.1016\/j.ijlp.2018.09.003_bb0210"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ijlp.2018.09.003_bb0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrimjus.2013.06.005","article-title":"Do drug courts reduce the use of incarceration? A meta-analysis","volume":"41","author":"Sevigny","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Criminal Justice"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ijlp.2018.09.003_bb0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1093\/bjc\/azu017","article-title":"Trajectories to mid- and higher-level drug crimes Penal misrepresentations of drug dealers in Norway","volume":"54","author":"Shammas","year":"2014","journal-title":"British Journal of Criminology"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.ijlp.2018.09.003_bb0225","first-page":"86","article-title":"Sentencing outcomes of drug offenders in South Carolina: A comparison of race, gender and age","volume":"55","author":"Shumpert","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychology and Education: An Interdisciplinary Journal"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijlp.2018.09.003_bb0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1086\/592805","article-title":"Penal policy and practice in Belgium","volume":"36","author":"Snacken","year":"2007","journal-title":"Crime and Justice"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ijlp.2018.09.003_bb0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/25.2.435","article-title":"A framework for evaluation of secondary data sources for epidemiological research","volume":"25","author":"Sorensen","year":"1996","journal-title":"International Journal of Epidemiology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ijlp.2018.09.003_bb0240","first-page":"335","article-title":"Sentencing drug offenders: the incarceration addiction","volume":"40","author":"Spencer","year":"1995","journal-title":"Village Review"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ijlp.2018.09.003_bb0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-9125.2002.tb00959.x","article-title":"The effect of imprisonment on recidivism rates of felony offenders: A focus on Drug offenders","volume":"40","author":"Spohn","year":"2002","journal-title":"Criminology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijlp.2018.09.003_bb0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrimjus.2017.04.006","article-title":"Age differences in the severity, impact and relative importance of dynamic risk factors for recidivism","volume":"50","author":"Spruit","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Criminal Justice"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijlp.2018.09.003_bb0255","first-page":"43","article-title":"Gender and the social costs of sentencing: An analysis of sentences imposed on male and female offenders in three US district courts","volume":"11","author":"Stacey","year":"2006","journal-title":"Berkeley Journal of Criminal Law"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijlp.2018.09.003_bb0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0011-1348.2005.00013.x","article-title":"Images of danger and culpability racial stereotyping case processing and criminal sentencing","volume":"43","author":"Steen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Criminology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ijlp.2018.09.003_bb0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"s141","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/55.3.S141","article-title":"Older men and older women in the arms of criminal law: offending patterns and sentencing outcomes","volume":"55B","author":"Steffensmeier","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Gerontology: Social Sciences"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ijlp.2018.09.003_bb0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-9125.1998.tb01265.x","article-title":"The interaction of race, gender, and age in criminal sentencing: the punishment cost of being young, black, and male","volume":"36","author":"Steffensmeier","year":"1998","journal-title":"Criminology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ijlp.2018.09.003_bb0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1080\/15564886.2010.485903","article-title":"Probation and diversion: Is there a place at the table and what should we serve?","volume":"5","author":"Taxman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Victims & Offenders"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijlp.2018.09.003_bb0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-9125.2004.tb00516.x","article-title":"Sentencing in context: a multilevel analysis","volume":"42","author":"Ulmer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Criminology"},{"year":"2006","series-title":"Criminal justice assessment toolkit","author":"United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime","key":"10.1016\/j.ijlp.2018.09.003_bb0285"},{"year":"2012","series-title":"De Belgische strafrechtelijke statistieken ten tijde van de informatisering. Uitdagingen en perspectieven","author":"Vanneste","key":"10.1016\/j.ijlp.2018.09.003_bb0290"},{"issue":"2001","key":"10.1016\/j.ijlp.2018.09.003_bb0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/S0047-2352(01)00083-6","article-title":"Drug courts: a bridge between criminal justice and health services","volume":"29","author":"Wenzel","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Criminal Justice"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ijlp.2018.09.003_bb0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrimjus.2004.02.005","article-title":"Collaborations between drug courts and service providers: Characteristics and challenges","volume":"32","author":"Wenzel","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Criminal Justice"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ijlp.2018.09.003_bb0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1177\/1477370815597253","article-title":"Expanding the scope of sentencing research: determinants of juvenile and adult punishment in the Netherlands","volume":"12","author":"Wermink","year":"2015","journal-title":"European Journal of Criminology"},{"year":"2006","series-title":"Het effect van alternatieve gerechtelijke maatregelen","author":"Willemsen","key":"10.1016\/j.ijlp.2018.09.003_bb0310"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ijlp.2018.09.003_bb0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jopan.2010.07.005","article-title":"Secondary Data Analysis: Is It Useful and Valid?","volume":"25","author":"Windle","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Perianesthesia Nursing"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijlp.2018.09.003_bb0320","first-page":"1","article-title":"The impact of drug treatment courts on recovery: a systematic review","author":"Wittouck","year":"2013","journal-title":"Scientific World Journal"},{"author":"World Prison Brief","key":"10.1016\/j.ijlp.2018.09.003_bb0325"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Law and Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0160252718301274?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0160252718301274?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,27]],"date-time":"2025-09-27T11:12:12Z","timestamp":1758971532000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0160252718301274"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,11]]},"references-count":65,"alternative-id":["S0160252718301274"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijlp.2018.09.003","relation":{},"ISSN":["0160-2527"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0160-2527"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Alternatives to prison for drug offenders in Belgium during the past decade","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"International Journal of Law and Psychiatry","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijlp.2018.09.003","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}