{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T14:54:27Z","timestamp":1783349667692,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771459200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["International Journal of Medical Microbiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2026.151708","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T17:01:30Z","timestamp":1771952490000},"page":"151708","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Strain-specific variation in virulence and host\u2013immune modulation across the Cryptococcus gattii species complex"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"322","author":[{"given":"Virginie","family":"Bellet","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L\u00e9o","family":"Brochon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fran\u00e7ois","family":"Chable de la H\u00e9ronni\u00e8re","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donika","family":"Krasteva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric","family":"Boudard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric","family":"Roger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pascale","family":"Drakulovski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S\u00e9bastien","family":"Bertout","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2026.151708_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-0716-3722-7_17","article-title":"Measuring Laccase Activity and Melanin Production in Cryptococcus neoformans","volume":"2775","author":"Albuquerque","year":"2024","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2026.151708_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12060758","article-title":"Fluconazole Resistance and Virulence in In Vitro Induced-Fluconazole Resistant Strains and in Clinical Fluconazole Resistant Strain of Cryptococcus deuterogattii","volume":"12","author":"Bertout","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2026.151708_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2019.10.017","article-title":"African ST173 Cryptococcus deuterogattii strains are commonly less susceptible to fluconazole: An unclear mechanism of resistance","volume":"21","author":"Bertout","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Glob. Antimicrob. Resist"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2026.151708_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013245","article-title":"The emerging fungal pathogen Cryptococcus gattii: Epidemiology, pathogenesis, immunomodulatory attributes, and drug susceptibility","volume":"19","author":"Cao","year":"2025","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2026.151708_bib5","article-title":"Comparative analysis of the population structure of Cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii from four continents","volume":"11","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2026.151708_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00126-13","article-title":"Cryptococcus gattii infections","volume":"27","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2026.151708_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/175.2.414","article-title":"Phospholipase activity in Cryptococcus neoformans: a new virulence factor?","volume":"175","author":"Chen","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2026.151708_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1086\/341564","article-title":"Pathogenesis of cerebral Cryptococcus neoformans infection after fungemia","volume":"186","author":"Chr\u00e9tien","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2026.151708_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2010.07511.x","article-title":"Evidence for branching in cryptococcal capsular polysaccharides and consequences on its biological activity","volume":"79","author":"Cordero","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2026.151708_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.68.2.443-448.2000","article-title":"Urease as a virulence factor in experimental cryptococcosis","volume":"68","author":"Cox","year":"2000","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2026.151708_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00264-13","article-title":"Macrophage M1\/M2 polarization dynamically adapts to changes in cytokine microenvironments in Cryptococcus neoformans infection","volume":"4","author":"Davis","year":"2013","journal-title":"mBio"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2026.151708_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.3390\/jof8040393","article-title":"Faster Cryptococcus Melanization Increases Virulence in Experimental and Human Cryptococcosis","volume":"8","author":"De Sousa","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Fungi (Basel)"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2026.151708_bib13","article-title":"Geographic and clinical diversity of Cryptococcus gattii species complex isolates in Africa","volume":"14","author":"Dromer","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2026.151708_bib14","first-page":"28","article-title":"Botrytis test for laccase activity in yeasts","volume":"41","author":"Dubourdieu","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am. J. Enol. Vitic."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2026.151708_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-011-3777-2","article-title":"Synthesis and assembly of fungal melanin","volume":"93","author":"Eisenman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2026.151708_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1406","DOI":"10.1111\/febs.13229","article-title":"Cryptococcus gattii urease as a virulence factor and the relevance of enzymatic activity in cryptococcosis pathogenesis","volume":"282","author":"Feder","year":"2015","journal-title":"FEBS J."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2026.151708_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.13.1.122","article-title":"Potential role of phospholipases in virulence and fungal pathogenesis","volume":"13","author":"Ghannoum","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2026.151708_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fgb.2015.02.009","article-title":"Recognition of seven species in the Cryptococcus gattii\/C. neoformans species complex","volume":"78","author":"Hagen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Fungal Genet. Biol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2026.151708_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00958-17","article-title":"Differential In Vitro Cytokine Induction by the Species of Cryptococcus gattii Complex","volume":"86","author":"Herkert","year":"2018","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2026.151708_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.13.4.708","article-title":"Pathogenic roles for fungal melanins","volume":"13","author":"Jacobson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2026.151708_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1111\/cmi.12067","article-title":"Cryptococcus interactions with macrophages: evasion and manipulation of the phagosome by a fungal pathogen","volume":"15","author":"Johnston","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell. Microbiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2026.151708_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1006\/cimm.1997.1166","article-title":"Cryptococcus neoformans inhibits nitric oxide production by murine peritoneal macrophages stimulated with interferon-gamma and lipopolysaccharide","volume":"180","author":"Kawakami","year":"1997","journal-title":"Cell Immunol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2026.151708_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2522","article-title":"Expanding fungal pathogenesis: Cryptococcus breaks out of the opportunistic box","volume":"9","author":"Kronstad","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2026.151708_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a019760","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a019760","article-title":"Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the etiologic agents of cryptococcosis","volume":"4","author":"Kwon-Chung","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2026.151708_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.00105","article-title":"Cryptococcus and Phagocytes: Complex Interactions that Influence Disease Outcome","volume":"7","author":"Leopold Wager","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2026.151708_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1567-1364.2006.00071.x","article-title":"The molecular basis for the immunogenicity of Cryptococcus neoformans mannoproteins","volume":"6","author":"Levitz","year":"2006","journal-title":"FEMS Yeast Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2026.151708_bib27","article-title":"Cryptococcal infection: host immunity, immune evasion and emerging immunotherapeutic strategies","volume":"15","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect. Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2026.151708_bib28","first-page":"11","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of Cryptococcus pathogenesis: a proteomic perspective","volume":"3","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2026.151708_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1080\/13693780902953886","article-title":"Consensus multi-locus sequence typing scheme for Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii","volume":"47","author":"Meyer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2026.151708_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1790","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1522-2683(19990101)20:8<1790::AID-ELPS1790>3.0.CO;2-2","article-title":"Molecular typing of global isolates of Cryptococcus neoformans var. neoformans by polymerase chain reaction fingerprinting and randomly amplified polymorphic DNA","volume":"20","author":"Meyer","year":"1999","journal-title":"Electrophoresis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2026.151708_bib31","first-page":"59","article-title":"Interactions of Cryptococcus neoformans with innate and adaptive immunity in the lung","volume":"89","author":"Murdock","year":"2014","journal-title":"Semin. Cell & Dev. Biol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2026.151708_bib32","first-page":"e00122","article-title":"The primary pathogenicity of Cryptococcus gattii is associated with increased host immune activation","volume":"3","author":"Ngamskulrungroj","year":"2012","journal-title":"mBio"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2026.151708_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0016076","article-title":"Cryptococcus gattii virulence composite: candidate genes revealed by microarray analysis of high and less virulent Vancouver island outbreak strains","volume":"6","author":"Ngamskulrungroj","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2026.151708_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1462-5814.2003.00268.x","article-title":"The contribution of melanin to microbial pathogenesis","volume":"5","author":"Nosanchuk","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cell. Microbiol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2026.151708_bib35","article-title":"Titan cells confer protection from phagocytosis in Cryptococcus neoformans infection","volume":"8","author":"Okagaki","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2026.151708_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.642658","article-title":"Comparison of Cryptococcus gattii\/neoformans Species Complex to Related Genera (Papiliotrema and Naganishia) Reveal Variances in Virulence Associated Factors and Antifungal Susceptibility","volume":"11","author":"Oliveira","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect. Microbiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2026.151708_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb.10.93","article-title":"Mechanisms of cryptococcal virulence and persistence","volume":"5","author":"Olszewski","year":"2010","journal-title":"Future Microbiol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2026.151708_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00001-12","article-title":"The Cryptococcus neoformans capsule: a sword and a shield","volume":"25","author":"O'Meara","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2026.151708_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0047853","article-title":"Immune modulation mediated by cryptococcal laccase promotes pulmonary growth and brain dissemination of virulent Cryptococcus neoformans in mice","volume":"7","author":"Qiu","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2026.151708_bib40","first-page":"174","article-title":"The global burden of HIV-associated cryptococcal infection in adults in 2020: a modelling analysis","volume":"22","author":"Rajasingham","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2026.151708_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(17)30243-8","article-title":"Global burden of disease of HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis: an updated analysis","volume":"17","author":"Rajasingham","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2026.151708_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2022.105521","article-title":"A holistic review on Cryptococcus neoformans","volume":"166","author":"Rathore","year":"2022","journal-title":"Micro Pathog."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2026.151708_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb.14.132","article-title":"Host immunity to Cryptococcus neoformans","volume":"10","author":"Rohatgi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Future Microbiol."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2026.151708_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0233818","article-title":"Intracellular Cryptococcus neoformans disrupts the transcriptome profile of M1- and M2-polarized host macrophages","volume":"15","author":"Subramani","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2026.151708_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0233818","article-title":"Intracellular Cryptococcus neoformans disrupts the transcriptome profile of M1- and M2-polarized host macrophages","volume":"15","author":"Subramani","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2026.151708_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2005.00659.x","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps capture and kill Candida albicans yeast and hyphal forms","volume":"8","author":"Urban","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cell. Microbiol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2026.151708_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1128\/EC.00039-10","article-title":"Cryptococcal interactions with the host immune system","volume":"9","author":"Voelz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eukaryot. Cell"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2026.151708_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2016.167","article-title":"Cryptococcal meningitis: epidemiology, immunology, diagnosis and therapy","volume":"13","author":"Williamson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2026.151708_bib49","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Guidelines for the diagnosis, prevention and management of cryptococcal disease in HIV-infected adults, adolescents and children. Geneva: WHO; 2018."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2026.151708_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.02443-23","article-title":"Virulence profiling of Cryptococcus gattii isolates in China: insights from a multi-center study","volume":"11","author":"Zang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2026.151708_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2019.1614383","article-title":"Basic principles of the virulence of Cryptococcus","volume":"10","author":"Zaragoza","year":"2019","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2026.151708_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.femsyr.2004.04.004","article-title":"Role of laccase in the biology and virulence of Cryptococcus neoformans","volume":"5","author":"Zhu","year":"2004","journal-title":"FEMS Yeast Res."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Medical Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S143842212600010X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S143842212600010X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,14]],"date-time":"2026-06-14T17:57:33Z","timestamp":1781459853000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S143842212600010X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"references-count":52,"alternative-id":["S143842212600010X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijmm.2026.151708","relation":{},"ISSN":["1438-4221"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1438-4221","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Strain-specific variation in virulence and host\u2013immune modulation across the Cryptococcus gattii species complex","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"International Journal of Medical Microbiology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijmm.2026.151708","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier GmbH.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"151708"}}