{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T16:22:35Z","timestamp":1788538955263,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,1]],"date-time":"2014-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1396310400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,5]],"date-time":"2015-01-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1420416000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":279,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007861","name":"University of Gondar","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007861","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Armauer Hansen Research Institute"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,4]]},"abstract":"\n Background:<\/jats:title>\n Tuberculosis (TB) patients co-infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) often lack the classic symptoms of pulmonary tuberculosis, making the diagnosis difficult. Current practices in resource-limited settings often indicate that these co-infected patients are diagnosed when they clinically manifest disease symptoms, resulting in a delayed diagnosis and despite continued transmission. The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of undiagnosed pulmonary tuberculosis cases through active case finding and including multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) among HIV-infected patients.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Materials and methods:<\/jats:title>\n \n A total of 250 HIV-infected patients, aged 18 years and above were evaluated in a cross-sectional design between February 2012 and November 2012. Socio-demographic and clinical data were collected using a structured questionnaire. Sputum samples were collected from all participants for acid fast bacilli (AFB) direct smear microscopy and Mycobacteria culture. A PCR-based RD\n 9<\/jats:sub>\n deletion and genus typing, as well as first-line anti-TB drug susceptibility testing, was performed for all culture-positive isolates.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n \n Following active TB case finding, a total of 15\/250 (6%) cases were diagnosed as TB cases, of whom 9\/250 (3.6%) were detected by both smear microscopy and culture and the remaining 6\/250 (2.4%) only by culture. All the 15 isolates were typed through RD\n 9<\/jats:sub>\n typing of which 10 were\n Mycobacterium tuberculosis<\/jats:italic>\n species; 1 belonged to\n Mycobacterium<\/jats:italic>\n genus and 4 isolates were non-tuberculous mycobacteria. The prevalence of undiagnosed pulmonary TB disease among the study participants was 4.4%, which implies the possibility of identifying even more undiagnosed cases through active case finding. A multivariate logistic regression showed a statistically significant association between the presence of pneumonia infection and the occurrence of TB (OR = 4.81, 95% CI (1.08\u201321.43),\n p<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.04). In addition, all the isolates were sensitive to all first-line anti-TB drugs, except for streptomycin, seen in only one newly diagnosed TB patient, and MDR-TB was not detected.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n The prevalence of undiagnosed pulmonary TB infection among HIV-infected patients in Gondar was 4.4%. Additionally, the possibility of these undiagnosed TB cases in the community could also pose a risk for the transmission of the disease, particularly among family members. Active screening of known HIV-infected individuals, with at least one TB symptom is recommended, even in persons with opportunistic infections.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmyco.2014.02.004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,24]],"date-time":"2014-03-24T10:59:33Z","timestamp":1395658773000},"page":"132-138","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Active tuberculosis case finding and detection of drug resistance among HIV-infected patients"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Martha","family":"Alemayehu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Baye","family":"Gelaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ebba","family":"Abate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liya","family":"Wassie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yeshambel","family":"Belyhun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shiferaw","family":"Bekele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Russell R.","family":"Kempker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henry M.","family":"Blumberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abraham","family":"Aseffa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R1-9-20260904","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)68384-0","article-title":"Global epidemiology of tuberculosis","volume":"367","author":"Dye","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"R3-9-20260904","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1875","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e32832e05c8","article-title":"Urine lipoarabinomannan assay for tuberculosis screening before antiretroviral therapy diagnostic yield and association with immune reconstitution disease","volume":"23","author":"Lawn","year":"2009","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"R4-9-20260904","first-page":"537","article-title":"Intensified tuberculosis case finding among HIV-infected persons from a voluntary counseling and testing center in Addis Ababa","volume":"50","author":"Shah","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ethiopia, Epidemiol. 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