{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T14:26:49Z","timestamp":1781792809497,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,1]],"date-time":"2021-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612137600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,1]],"date-time":"2021-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612137600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,11]],"date-time":"2020-11-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1605052800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001798","name":"Edith Cowan University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001798","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["International Journal of Nursing Studies"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2020.103822","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,5]],"date-time":"2020-11-05T06:06:43Z","timestamp":1604556403000},"page":"103822","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Foot ulcers associated with external trauma among people with diabetes: An integrative review of the origin of trauma and outcomes"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"114","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4436-651X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ma'en Zaid","family":"Abu-Qamar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6577-2720","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vivien","family":"Kemp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6395-0279","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lisa","family":"Whitehead","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2020.103822_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2005.01488.x","article-title":"Rodent bites on the feet of diabetes patients in Tanzania","volume":"22","author":"Abbas","year":"2005","journal-title":"Diabet. Med."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2020.103822_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1464-5491.2002.00698.x","article-title":"The north-west diabetes foot care study: incidence of, and risk factors for, new diabetic foot ulceration in a community-based patient cohort","volume":"19","author":"Abbott","year":"2002","journal-title":"Diabet. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2020.103822_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-481X.2011.00837.x","article-title":"The lived experience of a foot burn injury from the perspective of seven Jordanians with diabetes: a hermeneutic phenomenological study","volume":"9","author":"Abu-Qamar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. Wound J."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2020.103822_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2015.04.002","article-title":"The diabetic foot","volume":"10","author":"Ahmad","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Syndr."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2020.103822_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jfas.2009.07.005","article-title":"Hallux ulceration in diabetic patients","volume":"49","author":"Ahmed","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Foot Ankle Surg."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2020.103822_bib0006","first-page":"140","article-title":"Foot injuries among hajj pilgrims with and without diabetes mellitus: implications for infection management","volume":"14","author":"Alfelali","year":"2014","journal-title":"Infect. Disord. Drug Targets Former. Curr. Drug Targets Infect. Disord."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2020.103822_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jfas.2010.12.017","article-title":"The epidemiology of foot wounds in patients with diabetes: a description of 600 consecutive patients in turkey","volume":"50","author":"Altindas","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Foot Ankle Surg."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2020.103822_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.4239\/wjd.v7.i7.153","article-title":"Diabetic foot disease: from the evaluation of the \"foot at risk\" to the novel diabetic ulcer treatment modalities","volume":"7","author":"Amin","year":"2016","journal-title":"World J. Diabetes"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2020.103822_bib0009","first-page":"15","article-title":"Management outcome of diabetic foot ulcers in a teaching hospital in Abuja, Nigeria","volume":"9","author":"Anumah","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Diabet. Foot Complicat."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2020.103822_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/0891-6632(90)90060-I","article-title":"The influence of external precipitating factors and peripheral neuropathy on the development and outcome of diabetic foot ulcers","volume":"4","author":"Apelqvist","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Diabet. Complicat."},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2020.103822_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2367","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1615439","article-title":"Diabetic foot ulcers and their recurrence","volume":"376","author":"Armstrong","year":"2017","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2020.103822_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.7547\/87507315-87-7-321","article-title":"Surgical morbidity and the risk of amputation due to infected puncture wounds in diabetic versus nondiabetic adults","volume":"87","author":"Armstrong","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Am. Podiatr. Med. Assoc."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2020.103822_bib0014","first-page":"118","article-title":"Prevalence of diabetic foot ulcer and its associated risk factors among diabetic patients in Jordan","volume":"46","author":"Bakri","year":"2012","journal-title":"Jordan Med. J."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2020.103822_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1097\/BCR.0b013e318257d85b","article-title":"A ten-year review of lower extremity burns in diabetics: small burns that lead to major problems","volume":"34","author":"Barsun","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Burn Care Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2020.103822_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/s13047-018-0260-7","article-title":"Independent factors associated with wearing different types of outdoor footwear in a representative inpatient population: a cross-sectional study","volume":"11","author":"Barwick","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Foot Ankle Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2020.103822_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-53480-4.00008-4","article-title":"Diabetic neuropathy and foot complications","volume":"126","author":"Boulton","year":"2014","journal-title":"Handb. Clin. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2020.103822_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.2697","article-title":"Iwgdf guidance on footwear and offloading interventions to prevent and heal foot ulcers in patients with diabetes","volume":"32","author":"Bus","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Res. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2020.103822_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bus, S., Lavery, L., Monteiro-Soares, M., Rasmussen, A., Raspovic, A., Sacco, I., van Netten, J. 2019. International working group on the diabetic foot (IWGDF) guideline on the prevention of foot ulcers in persons with diabetes. In Working Group on the Diabetic Foot (IWGDF) (Ed.), Part of the 2019 IWGDF Guidelines on the Prevention and Management of Diabetic Foot Disease. Available from www.iwgdfguidelines.org.","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.3269"},{"issue":"57","key":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2020.103822_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3310\/hta19570","article-title":"A systematic review and individual patient data meta-analysis of prognostic factors for foot ulceration in people with diabetes: the international research collaboration for the prediction of diabetic foot ulcerations (PODUS)","volume":"19","author":"Crawford","year":"2015","journal-title":"Health Technol. Assess."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2020.103822_bib0021","unstructured":"Diabetic Foot Australia. 2016. DFA guides you through Australian and international guidelines on diabetic foot disease. Diabetic Foot Australia. Available from https:\/\/diabeticfootaustralia.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/DFA-Guides-you-through-guidelines.pdf."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2020.103822_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12893-015-0091-4","article-title":"Chronic neuropathic ulcer is not the most common antecedent of lower limb infection or amputation among diabetics admitted to a regional hospital in Jamaica: results from a prospective cohort study","volume":"15","author":"East","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2020.103822_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2482-11-27","article-title":"The natural history of pedal puncture wounds in diabetics: a cross-sectional survey","volume":"11","author":"East","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Surg."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2020.103822_bib0024","first-page":"763","article-title":"Improved survival of the diabetic foot: the role of a specialised foot clinic","volume":"60","author":"Edmonds","year":"1986","journal-title":"QJM"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2020.103822_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.4103\/0300-1652.108900","article-title":"Risk factors, ulcer grade and management outcome of diabetic foot ulcers in a tropical tertiary care hospital","volume":"54","author":"Edo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Niger. Med. J. J. Nigeria Med. Assoc."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2020.103822_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-481X.2009.00627.x","article-title":"Diabetes foot ulceration in a Nigerian hospital: in-hospital mortality in relation to the presenting demographic, clinical and laboratory features","volume":"6","author":"Ekpebegh","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. Wound J."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2020.103822_bib0027","first-page":"9","article-title":"Factors associated with diabetic foot ulcers in Benin - city, Nigeria","volume":"49","author":"Eregie","year":"2008","journal-title":"Niger. Med. J."},{"issue":"25","key":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2020.103822_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2158","DOI":"10.3109\/09638288.2012.677936","article-title":"How 'preventable' are lower extremity amputations? A qualitative study of patient perceptions of precipitating factors","volume":"34","author":"Feinglass","year":"2012","journal-title":"Disabil. Rehabil."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2020.103822_bib0030","first-page":"13","article-title":"Diabetes mellitus and burns. Part ii-outcomes from burn injuries and future directions","volume":"5","author":"Goutos","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Burns Trauma"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2020.103822_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1464-5491.2002.00740.x","article-title":"Clinical outcome of diabetes patients hospitalized with foot ulcers, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania","volume":"19","author":"Gulam-Abbas","year":"2002","journal-title":"Diabet. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2020.103822_bib0032","series-title":"Proceedings of the IWGDF Guidelines on the Prevention and Management of Diabetic Foot Disease","article-title":"Iwgdf guideline on diagnosis, prognosis and management of peripheral artery disease in patients with a foot ulcer and diabetes","author":"Hinchliffe","year":"2019"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2020.103822_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.3109\/09638289209167074","article-title":"Self-injury resulting in amputation among vascular patients: a retrospective epidemiological study","volume":"14","author":"Isakov","year":"1992","journal-title":"Disabil. Rehabil."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2020.103822_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1177\/026921559200600202","article-title":"Minor injury resulting in lower-limb loss in diabetic patients","volume":"6","author":"Isakov","year":"1992","journal-title":"Clin. Rehabil."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2020.103822_bib0035","first-page":"692","article-title":"Is walking barefoot a risk factor for diabetic foot disease in developing countries?","volume":"7","author":"Jayasinghe","year":"2007","journal-title":"Rural Remote Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2020.103822_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.2337\/dc17-1836","article-title":"Current challenges and opportunities in the prevention and management of diabetic foot ulcers","volume":"41","author":"Jeffcoate","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2020.103822_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1016\/j.burns.2014.08.001","article-title":"Evaluation of tcom\/hbot practice guideline for the treatment of foot burns occurring in diabetic patients","volume":"41","author":"Jones","year":"2015","journal-title":"Burns"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2020.103822_bib0038","first-page":"149","article-title":"Lower extremity burns related to sensory loss in diabetes mellitus","volume":"24","author":"Katcher","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Fam. Pract."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2020.103822_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1288","DOI":"10.2337\/dc05-2425","article-title":"Risk factors for foot infections in individuals with diabetes","volume":"29","author":"Lavery","year":"2006","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2020.103822_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-481X.2007.00378.x","article-title":"What are the most effective interventions in preventing diabetic foot ulcers?","volume":"5","author":"Lavery","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. Wound J."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2020.103822_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9136(199710)14:10<867::AID-DIA475>3.0.CO;2-L","article-title":"Factors contributing to the presentation of diabetic foot ulcers","volume":"14","author":"Macfarlane","year":"1997","journal-title":"Diabet. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2020.103822_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-019-05489-3","article-title":"Comorbid diabetes and severe mental illness: outcomes in an integrated health care delivery system","volume":"35","author":"Mangurian","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Gen. Intern. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2020.103822_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.2740","article-title":"The diabetic foot in 2015: an overview","volume":"32","author":"Markakis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Res. Rev."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2020.103822_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.19.7.704","article-title":"A foot risk classification system to predict diabetic amputation in pima indians","volume":"19","author":"Mayfield","year":"1996","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2020.103822_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000097","article-title":"The prisma group (2009). Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the prisma statement","volume":"6","author":"Moher","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2020.103822_bib0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1464-5491.2003.01069.x","article-title":"Regional differences in risk factors and clinical presentation of diabetic foot lesions","volume":"21","author":"Morbach","year":"2004","journal-title":"Diabet. Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2020.103822_bib0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1002\/pdi.160","article-title":"'Diabetic holiday foot syndrome' \u2013 the dimension of the problem and patients' characteristics","volume":"18","author":"Morbach","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pract. Diabetes Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2020.103822_bib0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jfas.2014.02.008","article-title":"Diabetic foot burns: a case series","volume":"53","author":"Nerone","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Foot Ankle Surg."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2020.103822_bib0049","first-page":"112","article-title":"The burden of diabetic foot ulcers in Aba, Abia state, Nigeria","volume":"2","author":"Ngwogu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Basic Appl. Innov. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2020.103822_bib0050","unstructured":"NHS Digital. (2019). National diabetes footcare audit (NDFA), 2014-2018. Available from https:\/\/digital.nhs.uk\/data-and-information\/publications\/statistical\/national-diabetes-footcare-audit\/2014-2018."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2020.103822_bib0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.7547\/0960290","article-title":"Do us veterans wear appropriately sized shoes? The veterans affairs shoe size selection study","volume":"96","author":"Nixon","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Am. Podiatr. Med. Assoc."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2020.103822_bib0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4206","DOI":"10.18203\/2320-6012.ijrms20174548","article-title":"Etiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis and management of diabetics\u2019 foot ulcer","volume":"5","author":"Nur Rosyid","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Res. Med. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2020.103822_bib0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1007\/s13340-014-0174-y","article-title":"Incidence of foot ulcers in patients with diabetes at a university hospital in Tokyo over a 5-year period","volume":"6","author":"Oe","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabetol. Int."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2020.103822_bib0054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1177\/1534734608318236","article-title":"Common clinical features of diabetic foot ulcers: perspectives from a developing nation","volume":"7","author":"Ogbera","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Low. Extrem. Wounds"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2020.103822_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.1111\/wrr.12328","article-title":"High probability of healing without amputation of plantar forefoot ulcers in patients with diabetes","volume":"23","author":"\u00d6rneholm","year":"2015","journal-title":"Wound Repair Regen."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2020.103822_bib0056","first-page":"57","article-title":"Trigger events for acute admission to hospital for diabetic foot disease","volume":"32","author":"Payne","year":"1998","journal-title":"Australas. J. Podiatr. Med."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2020.103822_bib0057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.13.5.513","article-title":"Pathways to diabetic limb amputation: basis for prevention","volume":"13","author":"Pecoraro","year":"1990","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2020.103822_bib0058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/2000625X.2017.1312974","article-title":"Clinical profile and outcome of diabetic foot ulcer, a view from tertiary care hospital in Semarang, Indonesia","volume":"8","author":"Pemayun","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabet. Foot Ankle"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2020.103822_bib0059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1002\/pdi.1233","article-title":"Attempts to prevent holiday-related diabetic foot ulceration","volume":"25","author":"Pickin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pract. Diabetes Int."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2020.103822_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.4103\/0970-258X.234391","article-title":"Footwear in the causation and prevention of foot ulcers in diabetes mellitus","volume":"30","author":"Premkumar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Natl. Med. J. India"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2020.103822_bib0061","first-page":"179","article-title":"Risk factors for amputation in diabetic patients: a case-control study","volume":"29","author":"Rivera","year":"1998","journal-title":"Arch. Med. Res."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2020.103822_bib0062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jfas.2010.06.017","article-title":"Nail puncture wound through a rubber-soled shoe: a retrospective study of 96 adult patients","volume":"49","author":"Rubin","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Foot Ankle Surg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2020.103822_bib0063","series-title":"Part of the 2019 IWGDF Guidelines on the Prevention and Management of Diabetic Foot Disease","article-title":"IWGDF practical guidelines","author":"Schaper","year":"2019"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2020.103822_bib0064","first-page":"83","article-title":"Prevalence of diabetic foot ulcer and associated risk factors in diabetic patients from North India","volume":"4","author":"Shahi","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Diabet. Foot Complicat."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2020.103822_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0177176","article-title":"Severity and duration of diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) before seeking care as predictors of healing time: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"12","author":"Smith-Strom","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2020.103822_bib0066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1177\/107110070302400907","article-title":"Minor environmental trauma and lower extremity amputation in high-risk patients with diabetes: incidence, pivotal events, etiology, and amputation level in a prospectively followed cohort","volume":"24","author":"Smith","year":"2003","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Int."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2020.103822_bib0067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jegh.2014.12.007","article-title":"Foot ailments during hajj: a short report","volume":"5","author":"Sridhar","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Epidemiol. Glob. Health"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2020.103822_bib0068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.12762","article-title":"Sirtuin-6 deficiency exacerbates diabetes-induced impairment of wound healing","volume":"24","author":"Thandavarayan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2020.103822_bib0069","series-title":"Joanna Briggs Institute Reviewers Manual","year":"2014"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2020.103822_bib0070","first-page":"37","article-title":"Coexistent mental health disorders in diabetic patients","volume":"40","author":"Thomas","year":"2015","journal-title":"U.S. Pharm."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2020.103822_bib0071","first-page":"36","article-title":"Holiday season preventive foot healthcare tips","volume":"23","author":"Thompson","year":"2012","journal-title":"InMotion"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2020.103822_bib0072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/837620","article-title":"Treatment of nonhealing diabetic lower extremity ulcers with skin graft and autologous platelet gel: a case series","volume":"2013","author":"Tzeng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biomed. Res. Int."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2020.103822_bib0073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2006.05.016","article-title":"Diabetes, hand and\/or foot ulcers: a cross-sectional hospital-based study in port Harcourt, Nigeria","volume":"75","author":"Unachukwu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2020.103822_bib0074","series-title":"Human Development Report 2016: Human Development for Everyone","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2020.103822_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3268","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.3268","article-title":". Definitions and criteria for diabetic foot disease","volume":"36 Suppl 1","author":"van Netten","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Res. Rev."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2020.103822_bib0076","first-page":"98","article-title":"Quality of care of patients with diabetic foot problems in Barbados","volume":"47","author":"Walrond","year":"1998","journal-title":"West Indian Med. J."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2020.103822_bib0077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2013.03.012","article-title":"Diabetes related amputations in pacific islands countries: a root cause analysis of precipitating events","volume":"100","author":"Win Tin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2020.103822_bib0078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890.2016.1231932","article-title":"Global epidemiology of diabetic foot ulceration: a systematic review and meta-analysis (dagger)","volume":"49","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Med."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Nursing Studies"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0020748920303102?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0020748920303102?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,17]],"date-time":"2025-09-17T13:44:57Z","timestamp":1758116697000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0020748920303102"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]},"references-count":76,"alternative-id":["S0020748920303102"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2020.103822","relation":{},"ISSN":["0020-7489"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0020-7489","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Foot ulcers associated with external trauma among people with diabetes: An integrative review of the origin of trauma and outcomes","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"International Journal of Nursing Studies","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2020.103822","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"103822"}}