{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T05:44:02Z","timestamp":1790228642558,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]],"date-time":"2023-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675209600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]],"date-time":"2023-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675209600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,21]],"date-time":"2022-12-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1671580800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002701","name":"Ministry of Education","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2016R1D1A1B03932013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016R1D1A1B03932013"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002701","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002701","name":"Ministry of Education","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020R1A6A1A03041989"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020R1A6A1A03041989"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002701","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["International Journal of Nursing Studies"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2022.104431","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,19]],"date-time":"2022-12-19T02:09:56Z","timestamp":1671415796000},"page":"104431","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"special_numbering":"C","title":["A nurse-led mHealth intervention to alleviate depressive symptoms in older adults living alone in the community: A quasi-experimental study"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"138","author":[{"given":"Soyun","family":"Hong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sangeun","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kijun","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mijung","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuntae","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyein","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heejung","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2022.104431_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1111\/scs.12908","article-title":"Challenges of nurses and care management of depressed older adults: a narrative literature review","volume":"35","author":"Albougami","year":"2021","journal-title":"Scand. J. Caring Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2022.104431_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare9010023","article-title":"Brain health: attitudes towards technology adoption in older adults","volume":"9","author":"Abdelrahman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Healthcare"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2022.104431_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2004.01.004","article-title":"Development of the Korean version of the Geriatric Depression Scale and its short form among elderly psychiatric patients","volume":"57","author":"Bae","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Psychosom. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2022.104431_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2021","DOI":"10.2147\/CIA.S114100","article-title":"Assessment of late-life depression via self-report measures: a review","volume":"13","author":"Balsamo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Interv. Aging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2022.104431_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-018-2607-6","article-title":"Smartphone-based ecological momentary assessment and intervention in a coping-focused intervention for hearing voices (SAVVy): study protocol for a pilot randomised controlled trial","volume":"19","author":"Bell","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2022.104431_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8040465","article-title":"Current state and future directions of technology-based ecological momentary assessment and intervention for major depressive disorder: a systematic review","volume":"8","author":"Colombo","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2022.104431_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1080\/00981389.2018.1564108","article-title":"Positive effects of art therapy on depression and self-esteem of older adults in nursing homes","volume":"58","author":"Ching-Teng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Soc. Work Health Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2022.104431_bb0050","series-title":"Arts Therapies in the Treatment of Depression","first-page":"227","article-title":"Perspectives on research and clinical practice in music therapy for older people with depression","author":"Eickholt","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2022.104431_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-021-05903-4","article-title":"A tailored internet-delivered modular intervention based on cognitive behavioral therapy for depressed older adults: a study protocol for a randomized controlled trial","volume":"22","author":"Eimontas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2022.104431_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.3758\/BRM.41.4.1149","article-title":"Statistical power analyses using G*Power 3.1: tests for correlation and regression analyses","volume":"41","author":"Faul","year":"2009","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2022.104431_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1042","DOI":"10.1093\/heapro\/dax047","article-title":"Promoting mental wellbeing among older people: technology-based interventions","volume":"33","author":"Forsman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Health Promot. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2022.104431_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1817","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2012.04166.x","article-title":"Cognitive behavioral therapy for depression in older people: a meta-analysis and meta-regression of randomized controlled trials","volume":"60","author":"Gould","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2022.104431_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.3951","article-title":"Impact of mHealth chronic disease management on treatment adherence and patient outcomes: a systematic review","volume":"17","author":"Hamine","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Med. Internet Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2022.104431_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.23.1.56","article-title":"A rating scale for depression","volume":"23","author":"Hamilton","year":"1960","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2022.104431_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1111\/acps.12080","article-title":"Anxiety and depression in psychosis: a systematic review of associations with positive psychotic symptoms","volume":"128","author":"Hartley","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr. Scand."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2022.104431_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.4632","article-title":"The impact and measurement of social dysfunction in late-life depression: an evaluation of current methods with a focus on wearable technology","volume":"32","author":"Hodgetts","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2022.104431_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3020","DOI":"10.1111\/jan.13076","article-title":"Change in quality of life in older people with dementia participating in Paro-activity: a cluster-randomized controlled trial","volume":"72","author":"J\u00f8ranson","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Adv. Nurs."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2022.104431_bb0100","series-title":"The Optimal Measurement Condition of the Crisis Triage Scale: The Application of the Generalizability Theories","first-page":"83","volume":"25","author":"Kim","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2022.104431_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2196\/13247","article-title":"Possible application of ecological momentary assessment to older adults\u2019 daily depressive mood: integrative literature review","volume":"7","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"JMIR Ment. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2022.104431_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2196\/14149","article-title":"Depression prediction by using ecological momentary assessment, actiwatch data, and machine learning: observational study on older adults living alone","volume":"7","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"JMIR mHealth uHealth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2022.104431_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-018-0882-4","article-title":"Health behaviors influencing depressive symptoms in older Koreans living alone: secondary data analysis of the 2014 Korean longitudinal study of aging","volume":"18","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2022.104431_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2196\/mhealth.9988","article-title":"Self-management of chronic diseases among older Korean adults: an mHealth training, protocol, and feasibility study","volume":"6","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"JMIR mHealth uHealth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2022.104431_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2017.07.002","article-title":"Ecological momentary assessment of pain, fatigue, depressive, and cognitive symptoms reveals significant daily variability in multiple sclerosis","volume":"98","author":"Kratz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2022.104431_bb0130","first-page":"125","article-title":"Standardization of Korean version of the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE-K) for use in the elderly","volume":"28","author":"Kwon","year":"1989","journal-title":"Psychiatry Investig."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2022.104431_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/7856823","article-title":"The importance of physical activity exercise among older people","volume":"2018","author":"Langhammer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed. Res. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2022.104431_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11185359","article-title":"The use of smart devices for mental health diagnosis and care","volume":"11","author":"Lautman","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2022.104431_bb0145","series-title":"The Psychology of Depression","first-page":"157","article-title":"A behavioral approach to depression","author":"Lewinsohn","year":"1974"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2022.104431_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.045355","article-title":"Variability in every day pain is associated with mild cognitive impairment (MCI): results from the Einstein Aging Study (EAS)","volume":"16","author":"Lipton","year":"2020","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2022.104431_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2021.103873","article-title":"Associations between symptoms of pain, insomnia and depression, and frailty in older adults: a cross-sectional analysis of a cohort study","volume":"117","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Nurs. Stud."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2022.104431_bb0160","article-title":"The effectiveness of reminiscence therapy on alleviating depressive symptoms in older adults: a systematic review","volume":"12","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2022.104431_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/23337214211036255","article-title":"Improving older people's lives through digital technology and practices","volume":"7","author":"Marston","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gerontol. Geriatr. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2022.104431_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2018.3546","article-title":"Real-time mobile monitoring of the dynamic associations among motor activity, energy, mood, and sleep in adults with bipolar disorder","volume":"76","author":"Merikangas","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2022.104431_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12875-018-0874-7","article-title":"How older adults self-manage distress\u2013does the internet have a role?A qualitative study","volume":"19","author":"Moult","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Fam. Pract."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2022.104431_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.23257","article-title":"Internet cognitive\u2013behavioral therapy for depression in older adults with knee osteoarthritis: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"70","author":"O'Moore","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2022.104431_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2318-13-43","article-title":"Older adults are mobile too! Identifying the barriers and facilitators to older adults' use of mHealth for pain management","volume":"13","author":"Parker","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2022.104431_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2196\/11331","article-title":"Using actigraphy to predict the ecological momentary assessment of mood, fatigue, and cognition in older adulthood: mixed-methods study","volume":"2","author":"Parsey","year":"2019","journal-title":"JMIR Aging"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2022.104431_bb0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2834.2002.00364.x","article-title":"New horizons: the motives, diversity and future of \u2018nurse- led\u2019 care","volume":"11","author":"Richardson","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Nurs. Manag."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2022.104431_bb0210","first-page":"330","article-title":"Nursing and mHealth","volume":"1","author":"Samples","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Nurs. Stud."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2022.104431_bb0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-021-01255-7","article-title":"Use of ecological momentary assessment to study suicidal thoughts and behavior: a systematic review","volume":"23","author":"Sedano-Capdevila","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Psychiatry Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2022.104431_bb0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1002\/da.22649","article-title":"Ecological momentary interventions for depression and anxiety","volume":"34","author":"Schueller","year":"2017","journal-title":"Depress. Anxiety"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2022.104431_bb0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.clinpsy.3.022806.091415","article-title":"Ecological momentary assessment","volume":"4","author":"Shiffman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2022.104431_bb0230","first-page":"1","article-title":"A study of suicidal ideation among high school students: the structural relation among depression, hopelessness, and suicidal ideation","volume":"9","author":"Shin","year":"1990","journal-title":"Korean J. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2022.104431_bb0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2196\/mhealth.6445","article-title":"Patient-facing mobile apps to treat high-need, high-cost populations: a scoping review","volume":"4","author":"Singh","year":"2016","journal-title":"JMIR mHealth uHealth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2022.104431_bb0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1709","DOI":"10.1017\/S0144686X18000132","article-title":"Typologies of loneliness, living alone and social isolation, and their associations with physical and mental health","volume":"39","author":"Smith","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ageing Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2022.104431_bb0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12912-021-00801-1","article-title":"Effects of a nurse-led multicomponent intervention for frail older adults living alone in a community: a quasi-experimental study","volume":"21","author":"Song","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Nurs."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2022.104431_bb0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12875-017-0684-3","article-title":"A qualitative study on older primary care patients' perspectives on depression and its treatments - potential barriers to and opportunities for managing depression","volume":"19","author":"Stark","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Fam. Pract."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2022.104431_bb0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.01687","article-title":"Older adults' perceptions of technology and barriers to interacting with tablet computers: a focus group study","volume":"8","author":"Vaportzis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2022.104431_bb0260","article-title":"Examining the theoretical framework of behavioral activation for major depressive disorder: smartphone-based ecological momentary assessment study","volume":"6","author":"van Genugten","year":"2021","journal-title":"JMIR Ment. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2022.104431_bb0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/s21165589","article-title":"Review of wearable devices and data collection considerations for connected health","volume":"21","author":"Vijayan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2022.104431_bb0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/medicines5040119","article-title":"Internet mindfulness meditation intervention (IMMI) improves depression symptoms in older adults","volume":"5","author":"Wahbeh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Medicines"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2022.104431_bb0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2020.103724","article-title":"The psychological impact of a nurse-led proactive self-care program on independent, non-frail community-dwelling older adults: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"110","author":"Wong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Nurs. Stud."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2022.104431_bb0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3956(82)90033-4","article-title":"Development and validation of a geriatric depression screening scale: a preliminary report","volume":"17","author":"Yesavage","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2022.104431_bb0295","first-page":"456","article-title":"Validity and reliability of the Korean Version of the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (K-HDRS)","volume":"44","author":"Yi","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Korean Neuropsychiatr. Assoc."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Nursing Studies"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0020748922002607?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0020748922002607?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,17]],"date-time":"2025-09-17T13:54:36Z","timestamp":1758117276000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0020748922002607"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]},"references-count":53,"alternative-id":["S0020748922002607"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2022.104431","relation":{},"ISSN":["0020-7489"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0020-7489","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"A nurse-led mHealth intervention to alleviate depressive symptoms in older adults living alone in the community: A quasi-experimental study","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"International Journal of Nursing Studies","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2022.104431","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"104431"}}