{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T11:45:46Z","timestamp":1789645546070,"version":"4.0.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754006400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754006400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,10]],"date-time":"2026-05-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778371200000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":282,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754006400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754006400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754006400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754006400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754006400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000056","name":"National Institute of Nursing Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32NR007969"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32NR007969"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000056","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000056","name":"National Institute of Nursing Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U54 HD113172"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U54 HD113172"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000056","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000056","name":"National Institute of Nursing Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 MD 018410"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 MD 018410"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000056","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000056","name":"National Institute of Nursing Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["9332"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["9332"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000056","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","obstetanesthesia.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijoa.2025.104379","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,26]],"date-time":"2025-04-26T14:43:30Z","timestamp":1745678610000},"page":"104379","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Discrimination, racism, and bias in childbirth pain management in the United States: a scoping review and directions for research and clinical care"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"63","author":[{"given":"S.E.","family":"Harkins","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.K.","family":"Hazi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Guglielminotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Landau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V.","family":"Barcelona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijoa.2025.104379_b0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S8","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2018.304931","article-title":"Novel approaches to advance minority health and health disparities research","volume":"109","author":"Duran","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Public Health."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijoa.2025.104379_b0010","first-page":"1","article-title":"Births: final data for 2022","volume":"73","author":"Osterman","year":"2024","journal-title":"Natl Vital Stat Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijoa.2025.104379_b0015","unstructured":"Declercq E, Zephyrin L. Maternal morality in the United States: A primer. The Commonwealth Fund; 2021. Accessed March 24, 2025. https:\/\/www.commonwealthfund.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2021- 10\/Declercq_severe_maternal_morbidity_in_US_primer_db.pdf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijoa.2025.104379_b0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine. Obstetric Care Consensus No. 5: severe maternal morbidity: screening and review. Obstet Gynecol. 2016;128:e54-e60. doi:10.1097\/aog.0000000000001642.","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000001642"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijoa.2025.104379_b0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.53280","article-title":"Evaluation of all-cause and cause-specific mortality by race and ethnicity among pregnant and recently pregnant women in the US, 2019 to 2020","volume":"6","author":"Howard","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijoa.2025.104379_b0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000004362","article-title":"Racial and ethnic disparities in death associated with severe maternal morbidity in the United States: failure to rescue","volume":"137","author":"Guglielminotti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijoa.2025.104379_b0035","unstructured":"Knight M, Bunch K, Tuffnell D, et al. Saving lives, improving mothers\u2019 care. Lessons learned to inform maternity care from the UK and Ireland Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths and Morbidity 2016-18. Accessed December 10, 2024. https:\/\/www.npeu.ox.ac.uk\/assets\/downloads\/mbrrace-uk\/reports\/maternal-report-2020\/MBRRACE-UK_Maternal_Report_Dec_2020_v10_ONLINE_VERSION_1404.pdf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijoa.2025.104379_b0040","unstructured":"American Society of Anesthesiologists. Statement on reducing maternal peripartum racial and ethnic disparities in anesthesia care. Accessed December 10, 2024. https:\/\/www.asahq.org\/standards-and-practice-parameters\/statement-on-reducing-maternal-peripartum-racial-and-ethnic-disparities-in-anesthesia-care."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijoa.2025.104379_b0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1111\/anae.16241","article-title":"Ethnicity, socio-economic deprivation and postpartum outcomes following caesarean delivery: a multicentre cohort study","volume":"79","author":"O'Carroll","year":"2024","journal-title":"Anaesthesia."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijoa.2025.104379_b0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1177\/1073110520958876","article-title":"Structural racism and health disparities: reconfiguring the social determinants of health framework to include the root cause","volume":"48","author":"Yearby","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Law Med Ethics."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijoa.2025.104379_b0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000003762","article-title":"Social determinants of pregnancy-related mortality and morbidity in the United States: a systematic review","volume":"135","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijoa.2025.104379_b0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kennedy-Moulton K, Miller S, Persson P, Rossin-Slater M, Wherry L, Aldana G. Maternal and infant health inequality: new evidence from linked administrative data. Accessed December 10, 2024. http:\/\/www.nber.org\/papers\/w30693.","DOI":"10.1162\/REST.a.1633"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijoa.2025.104379_b0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-023-03828-9","article-title":"State-level indicators of structural racism and severe adverse maternal outcomes during childbirth","volume":"28","author":"Guglielminotti","year":"2024","journal-title":"Matern Child Health J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijoa.2025.104379_b0070","article-title":"Structural racism and severe maternal morbidity in New York state","volume":"12","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Med Insights Womens Health."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijoa.2025.104379_b0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2019.00735","article-title":"Neighborhood racial and economic polarization, hospital of delivery, and severe maternal morbidity","volume":"39","author":"Janevic","year":"2020","journal-title":"Health Aff (Millwood)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijoa.2025.104379_b0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.53626","article-title":"Structural racism, mass incarceration, and racial and ethnic disparities in severe maternal morbidity","volume":"7","author":"Hailu","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijoa.2025.104379_b0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.2217\/pmt-2023-0034","article-title":"Review of racial\/ethnic disparities in obstetrics-related anesthesia administration and pain management","volume":"13","author":"Khusid","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pain Manag."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijoa.2025.104379_b0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1007\/s12630-023-02460-z","article-title":"Racial and ethnic disparities in obstetric anesthesia: a scoping review","volume":"70","author":"Lee","year":"2023","journal-title":"Can J Anaesth."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijoa.2025.104379_b0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-021-01821-3","article-title":"Scoping reviews: reinforcing and advancing the methodology and application","volume":"10","author":"Peters","year":"2021","journal-title":"Syst Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijoa.2025.104379_b0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874-018-0611-x","article-title":"Systematic review or scoping review? Guidance for authors when choosing between a systematic or scoping review approach","volume":"18","author":"Munn","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijoa.2025.104379_b0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.7326\/M18-0850","article-title":"PRISMA extension for scoping ceviews (PRISMA-ScR): checklist and explanation","volume":"169","author":"Tricco","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijoa.2025.104379_b0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-021-03284-3","article-title":"Developing tools to report racism in maternal health for the CDC maternal mortality review information application (MMRIA): findings from the MMRIA racism & discrimination working group","volume":"26","author":"Hardeman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Matern Child Health J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijoa.2025.104379_b0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000005333","article-title":"The power of language in hospital care for pregnant and birthing people: a vision for change","volume":"142","author":"Barcelona","year":"2023","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijoa.2025.104379_b0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1370\/afm.2792","article-title":"Conceptualizing, contextualizing, and operationalizing race in quantitative health sciences research","volume":"20","author":"Lett","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann Fam Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijoa.2025.104379_b0125","first-page":"285","article-title":"The mixed methods appraisal tool (MMAT) version 2018 for information professionals and researchers","volume":"34","author":"Hong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ed Inf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijoa.2025.104379_b0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1080\/10410236.2021.1888453","article-title":"African american women's maternal healthcare experiences: a critical race theory perspective","volume":"37","author":"Adebayo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Health Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijoa.2025.104379_b0135","article-title":"Experiences of care, racism, and communication of postpartum Black women readmitted after delivery. Open","volume":"1","author":"Burdick","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijoa.2025.104379_b0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2023.06.015","article-title":"Experiences of racial trauma among perinatal women of color in seeking healthcare services","volume":"84","author":"Hoang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gen Hosp Psychiatry."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijoa.2025.104379_b0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dhjo.2017.02.007","article-title":"Experiences and unmet needs of women with physical disabilities for pain relief during labor and delivery","volume":"10","author":"Long-Bellil","year":"2017","journal-title":"Disabil Health J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijoa.2025.104379_b0150","first-page":"1","article-title":"Medicaid-insured women\u2019s perceptions of obstetric care quality: implications for reproductive health equity in the United States","author":"Mann","year":"2024","journal-title":"Women's Reprod Health J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijoa.2025.104379_b0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.115604","article-title":"Obstetric experiences of young black mothers: an intersectional perspective","volume":"317","author":"OjiNjideka Hemphill","year":"2023","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijoa.2025.104379_b0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wombi.2020.01.006","article-title":"The labor and birth experience of women with opioid use disorder: a qualitative study","volume":"33","author":"O'Rourke-Suchoff","year":"2020","journal-title":"Women Birth."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijoa.2025.104379_b0165","article-title":"Multiple marginalized identities: A qualitative exploration of intersectional perinatal experiences of birthing people of color with substance use disorder in Massachusetts","volume":"163","author":"Schiff","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Subst Use Addict Treat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijoa.2025.104379_b0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1111\/birt.12296","article-title":"Labor, delivery, and anesthesia experiences of women with physical disability","volume":"44","author":"Smeltzer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Birth."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijoa.2025.104379_b0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.whi.2020.09.002","article-title":"Racial and ethnic disparities in severe maternal morbidity: a qualitative study of women's experiences of peripartum care","volume":"31","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Women's Health Issues."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijoa.2025.104379_b0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000005519","article-title":"Structural racism and use of labor neuraxial analgesia among Non-Hispanic Black birthing people","volume":"143","author":"Guglielminotti","year":"2024","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijoa.2025.104379_b0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000006370","article-title":"Migrant-native disparities in obstetric neuraxial analgesia use: the role of host-country language proficiency","volume":"137","author":"Hamwi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Anesth Analg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijoa.2025.104379_b0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijoa.2013.09.001","article-title":"Preferred spoken language mediates differences in neuraxial labor analgesia utilization among racial and ethnic groups","volume":"23","author":"Caballero","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Obstet Anesth."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijoa.2025.104379_b0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000001079","article-title":"Primary spoken language and neuraxial labor analgesia use among Hispanic Medicaid recipients","volume":"122","author":"Toledo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anesth Analg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijoa.2025.104379_b0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1576","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2005.03.006","article-title":"Experiences of discrimination: validity and reliability of a self-report measure for population health research on racism and health","volume":"61","author":"Krieger","year":"2005","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijoa.2025.104379_b0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-017-1491-5","article-title":"From erasure to opportunity: a qualitative study of the experiences of transgender men around pregnancy and recommendations for providers","volume":"17","author":"Hoffkling","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijoa.2025.104379_b0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-020-03202-5","article-title":"Pregnant and postpartum women\u2019s experiences of weight stigma in healthcare","volume":"20","author":"Incollingo Rodriguez","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijoa.2025.104379_b0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1080\/03630242.2015.1088114","article-title":"Maternal language and adverse birth outcomes in a statewide analysis","volume":"56","author":"Sentell","year":"2016","journal-title":"Women Health."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijoa.2025.104379_b0220","first-page":"139","article-title":"Demarginalizing the intersection of race and sex: a Black feminist critique of antidiscrimination doctrine, feminist theory and antiracist politics","volume":"140","author":"Crenshaw","year":"1989","journal-title":"Univ Chicago Legal Forum."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijoa.2025.104379_b0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1089\/heq.2020.0081","article-title":"Incorporating measures of structural racism into population studies of reproductive health in the United States: a narrative review","volume":"5","author":"Alson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Health Equity."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijoa.2025.104379_b0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2021.01489","article-title":"Improving the measurement of structural racism to achieve antiracist health policy","volume":"41","author":"Hardeman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Health Aff (Millwood)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijoa.2025.104379_b0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1111\/jmwh.13102","article-title":"Listening to women: recommendations from women of color to improve experiences in pregnancy and birth care","volume":"65","author":"Altman","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Midwifery Womens Health."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijoa.2025.104379_b0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1080\/01612840802694668","article-title":"Stigmatizing language with unintended meanings: \u201cpersons with mental illness\u201d or \u201cmentally ill persons\u201d?","volume":"30","author":"Shattell","year":"2009","journal-title":"Issues Ment Health Nurs."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijoa.2025.104379_b0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/nin.12557","article-title":"A qualitative analysis of stigmatizing language in birth admission clinical notes","volume":"30","author":"Barcelona","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nursing Inquiry."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijoa.2025.104379_b0250","unstructured":"United States Department of Health and Human Services. 21st century cures act: Interoperability, information blocking, and the ONC health IT certification program. Federal Register. 2020;85:25642-25961. Accessed March 24, 2025. https:\/\/www.federalregister.gov\/documents\/2020\/05\/01\/2020-07419\/21st-century-cures- act-interoperability-information-blocking-and-the-onc-health-it-certification."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijoa.2025.104379_b0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-017-4289-2","article-title":"Do words matter? Stigmatizing language and the transmission of bias in the medical record","volume":"33","author":"Goddu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijoa.2025.104379_b0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. ACOG Committee Opinion No. 819: Informed Consent and Shared Decision Making in Obstetrics and Gynecology. Vol. 137. 2021. Accessed December 10 2024. https:\/\/www.acog.org\/clinical\/clinical- guidance\/committee-opinion\/articles\/2021\/02\/informed-consent-and-shared-decision- making-in-obstetrics-and-gynecology.","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000004247"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijoa.2025.104379_b0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1111\/jep.13243","article-title":"Shared decision-making in maternity care: acknowledging and overcoming epistemic defeaters","volume":"25","author":"Begley","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Eval Clin Pract."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijoa.2025.104379_b0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1891\/1058-1243.28.1.10","article-title":"Birth plans and childbirth education: What are provider attitudes, beliefs, and practices?","volume":"28","author":"Afshar","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Perinat Educ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijoa.2025.104379_b0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.whi.2015.09.003","article-title":"Patient-centered care in maternity services: a critical appraisal and synthesis of the literature","volume":"26","author":"de Labrusse","year":"2016","journal-title":"Womens Health Issues."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijoa.2025.104379_b0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1080\/10410236.2019.1570427","article-title":"The effects of patient-centered communication: exploring the mediating role of trust in healthcare providers","volume":"35","author":"Hong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Health Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijoa.2025.104379_b0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1411","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2021.0643","article-title":"Person-centered maternity care and health outcomes at 1 and 6 months postpartum","volume":"31","author":"Attanasio","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Women's Health."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijoa.2025.104379_b0290","unstructured":"Crossroads Antiracism Organizating and Training. Our approach. Accessed December 12, 2024. https:\/\/crossroadsantiracism.org\/approach\/."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijoa.2025.104379_b0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1097\/GRF.0000000000000761","article-title":"Antibias efforts in United States maternity care: a scoping review of the publicly funded health equity intervention pipeline","volume":"66","author":"Garrett","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Obstet Gynecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijoa.2025.104379_b0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1089\/heq.2023.0160","article-title":"Elevating voices, addressing depression, toxic stress, and equity through group prenatal care: a pilot study","volume":"8","author":"Lenze","year":"2024","journal-title":"Health Equity."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijoa.2025.104379_b0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1097\/JPN.0000000000000830","article-title":"ACNM's commentary on the midwifery workforce in the US","volume":"38","author":"Clarke","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Perinat Neonatal Nurs."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijoa.2025.104379_b0310","unstructured":"American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. ACOG releases new guidance aimed at identifying and Eliminating racial and ethnic health inequities in obstetric and gynecologic care. Accessed December 12, 2024. https:\/\/www.acog.org\/news\/news- releases\/2024\/08\/acog-releases-new-guidance-aimed-at-identifying-and-eliminating- racial-and-ethnic-health-inequities--in-obstetric-and-gynecologic-care."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijoa.2025.104379_b0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/ACO.0000000000001147","article-title":"Workforce solutions to address health disparities","volume":"35","author":"Mhyre","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr Opin Anaesthesiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijoa.2025.104379_b0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2022.100689","article-title":"Nurse workforce diversity and reduced risk of severe adverse maternal outcomes","volume":"4","author":"Guglielminotti","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol MFM."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijoa.2025.104379_b0325","unstructured":"American Hospital Association. Disparities toolkit. Accessed December 12, 2024. https:\/\/www.aha.org\/hretdisparities\/toolkit."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijoa.2025.104379_b0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-014-3102-8","article-title":"Accuracy of race, ethnicity, and language preference in an electronic health record","volume":"30","author":"Klinger","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijoa.2025.104379_b0335","article-title":"Disparity dashboards: an evaluation of the literature and framework for health equity improvement","volume":"5","author":"Gallifant","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Digit Health."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijoa.2025.104379_b0340","article-title":"Prevalence of lateral violence in nurse workplace: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Open."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijoa.2025.104379_b0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1177\/08933189211025737","article-title":"Navigating the hierarchy: communicating power relationships in collaborative health care groups","volume":"36","author":"Noyes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Manag Commun Q."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijoa.2025.104379_b0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1292","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-018-4565-9","article-title":"Patient, family, and community advisory councils in health care and research: a systematic review","volume":"34","author":"Oldfield","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijoa.2025.104379_b0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1093\/tbm\/ibae007","article-title":"Expand and extend postpartum Medicaid to support maternal and child health","volume":"14","author":"Mooney","year":"2024","journal-title":"Transl Behav Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijoa.2025.104379_b0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2019.00547","article-title":"Effects of Medicaid expansion on postpartum coverage and outpatient utilization","volume":"39","author":"Gordon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Health Aff (Millwood)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijoa.2025.104379_b0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/ACO.0000000000001135","article-title":"Health equity research in obstetric anesthesia","volume":"35","author":"Toyobo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr Opin Anaesthesiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijoa.2025.104379_b0370","unstructured":"Ndugga N, Pillai D, Artiga S. Understanding racial and ethnic identity in federal data and impacts for health disparities. The Kaiser Family Foundation; 2024. Accessed March 24, 2025. https:\/\/www.kff.org\/racial-equity-and-health-policy\/issue-brief\/understanding- racial-ethnic-identity-in-federal-data-impacts-health-disparities\/."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0959289X25000512?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0959289X25000512?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T06:22:53Z","timestamp":1778566973000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0959289X25000512"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"references-count":74,"alternative-id":["S0959289X25000512"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijoa.2025.104379","relation":{},"ISSN":["0959-289X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0959-289X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Discrimination, racism, and bias in childbirth pain management in the United States: a scoping review and directions for research and clinical care","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijoa.2025.104379","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"104379"}}