{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T08:23:41Z","timestamp":1778747021805,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,1]],"date-time":"2020-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606780800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,1]],"date-time":"2020-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606780800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","ijoms.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijom.2020.04.005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,30]],"date-time":"2020-04-30T17:52:03Z","timestamp":1588269123000},"page":"1566-1575","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Racial disparity of Crouzon syndrome in maxilla and mandible"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"49","author":[{"given":"X.","family":"Lu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A.J.","family":"Forte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"F.","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Z.","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"Teng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"B.","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Alperovich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"D.M.","family":"Steinbacher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"N.","family":"Alonso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J.A.","family":"Persing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijom.2020.04.005_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijom.2013.03.008","article-title":"Comparison of facial morphologies between adult Chinese and Houstonian Caucasian populations using three-dimensional imaging","volume":"42","author":"Wirthlin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijom.2020.04.005_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1590\/2177-6709.23.6.40.e1-10.onl","article-title":"Global distribution of malocclusion traits: a systematic review","volume":"23","author":"Alhammadi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dental Press J Orthod"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijom.2020.04.005_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1016\/S1042-3680(18)30715-0","article-title":"The cranial base in normal and abnormal skull growth","volume":"2","author":"Hoyte","year":"1991","journal-title":"Neurosurg Clin N Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijom.2020.04.005_bib0020","first-page":"255","article-title":"A critical analysis of the growth in length of the cranial base","volume":"11","author":"Hoyte","year":"1975","journal-title":"Birth Defects Orig Artic Ser"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijom.2020.04.005_bib0025","first-page":"489","article-title":"Some anatomical characteristics in several craniofacial syndromes","volume":"39","author":"Goldberg","year":"1981","journal-title":"J Oral Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijom.2020.04.005_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000000360","article-title":"Analysis of midface retrusion in Crouzon and Apert syndromes","volume":"134","author":"Forte","year":"2014","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijom.2020.04.005_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijom.2018.10.013","article-title":"Orbit, zygoma, and maxilla growth patterns in Crouzon syndrome","volume":"48","author":"Lu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijom.2020.04.005_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/SAP.0000000000001811","article-title":"Mandibular spatial reorientation and morphological alteration of Crouzon and Apert syndrome","author":"Lu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Plast Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijom.2020.04.005_bib0045","series-title":"Morphologenesis and malformations of the face and brain. Birth Defects Original Articles Series XI","first-page":"7","article-title":"Functional growth boundaries in the human and mammalian face","author":"Enlow","year":"1975"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijom.2020.04.005_bib0050","series-title":"Facial growth","first-page":"164","article-title":"The plan of the human face","author":"Enlow","year":"1990"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijom.2020.04.005_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/26.2.201","article-title":"Variation in the cranial base orientation and facial skeleton in dry skulls sampled from three major populations","volume":"26","author":"Kuroe","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur J Orthod"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijom.2020.04.005_bib0060","series-title":"Essentials of facial growth","first-page":"193","author":"Enlow","year":"1996"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijom.2020.04.005_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0000000000006741","article-title":"Racial disparity between Asian and Caucasian Crouzon syndrome skull morphology","author":"Lu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Craniofac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijom.2020.04.005_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1426","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcms.2019.06.003","article-title":"Enlarged anterior cranial fossa and restricted posterior cranial fossa, the disproportionate growth of basicranium in Crouzon syndrome","volume":"47","author":"Lu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Craniomaxillofac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijom.2020.04.005_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1598","DOI":"10.1097\/01.PRS.0000057972.87632.ec","article-title":"Maxillary volume growth in craniosynostosis","volume":"111","author":"Langford","year":"2003","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijom.2020.04.005_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1591","DOI":"10.1097\/01.PRS.0000057971.87632.37","article-title":"Maxillary volume growth in childhood","volume":"111","author":"Langford","year":"2003","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijom.2020.04.005_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9416(69)90034-7","article-title":"The primary role of functional matrices in facial growth","volume":"55","author":"Moss","year":"1969","journal-title":"Am J Orthod"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijom.2020.04.005_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1097\/01.scs.0000171847.58031.9e","article-title":"International anthropometric study of facial morphology in various ethnic groups\/races","volume":"16","author":"Farkas","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Craniofac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijom.2020.04.005_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1179\/bjo.18.1.43","article-title":"Proportional analysis of the facial profile in natural head position in Caucasian and Chinese children","volume":"18","author":"Lundstrom","year":"1991","journal-title":"Br J Orthod"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijom.2020.04.005_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9416(69)90254-1","article-title":"A procedure for the analysis of intrinsic facial form and growth. An equivalent-balance concept","volume":"56","author":"Enlow","year":"1969","journal-title":"Am J Orthod"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijom.2020.04.005_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1007\/s10266-012-0096-8","article-title":"Morphometric analysis of the cranial base in Asians","volume":"102","author":"Chang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Odontology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijom.2020.04.005_bib0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1963","DOI":"10.1097\/GOX.0000000000001963","article-title":"Facial malformation in Crouzon's syndrome is consistent with cranial base development in time and space","volume":"6","author":"Lu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijom.2020.04.005_bib0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1097\/SAP.0000000000001740","article-title":"Analysis of airway and midface in Crouzon syndromes","volume":"82","author":"Forte","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Plast Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijom.2020.04.005_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2008.02.005","article-title":"Thin-plate spline analysis of the cranial base in African, Asian and European populations and its relationship with different malocclusions","volume":"53","author":"Rosas","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch Oral Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijom.2020.04.005_bib0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.10313","article-title":"Petrosal orientation and mandibular ramus breadth: evidence for an integrated petroso-mandibular developmental unit","volume":"123","author":"Bastir","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijom.2020.04.005_bib0130","article-title":"Cranial fossa volume and morphology development in Apert syndrome","author":"Lu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijom.2020.04.005_bib0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2006.03.009","article-title":"Correlated variation between the lateral basicranium and the face: a geometric morphometric study in different human groups","volume":"51","author":"Bastir","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch Oral Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijom.2020.04.005_bib0140","first-page":"456","article-title":"An investigation into the relationship between the cranial base angle and malocclusion","volume":"72","author":"Dhopatkar","year":"2002","journal-title":"Angle Orthod"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijom.2020.04.005_bib0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330610206","article-title":"Relation of cranial base flexure to cranial form and mandibular position","volume":"61","author":"Anderson","year":"1983","journal-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijom.2020.04.005_bib0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/17.5.403","article-title":"Relationship between cranial base and maxillofacial morphology","volume":"17","author":"Kasai","year":"1995","journal-title":"Eur J Orthod"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijom.2020.04.005_bib0155","first-page":"256","article-title":"The neurocranial basis for facial form and pattern","volume":"43","author":"Enlow","year":"1973","journal-title":"Angle Orthod"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijom.2020.04.005_bib0160","first-page":"65","article-title":"A study of craniofacial form","volume":"49","author":"Lavelle","year":"1979","journal-title":"Angle Orthod"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijom.2020.04.005_bib0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1396","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-199705000-00030","article-title":"The role of the cranial base in facial growth: experimental craniofacial synostosis in the rabbit","volume":"99","author":"Rosenberg","year":"1997","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijom.2020.04.005_bib0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/10.1.192","article-title":"An evaluation of the morphogenic and anatomic effects of the functional regulator utilizing the counterpart analysis","volume":"10","author":"Enlow","year":"1988","journal-title":"Eur J Orthod"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijom.2020.04.005_bib0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.20191","article-title":"Hierarchical nature of morphological integration and modularity in the human posterior face","volume":"128","author":"Bastir","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijom.2020.04.005_bib0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1093\/ortho\/24.1.55","article-title":"Glenoid fossa position in different facial types: a cephalometric study","volume":"24","author":"Baccetti","year":"1997","journal-title":"Br J Orthod"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S090150272030134X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S090150272030134X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T12:33:22Z","timestamp":1760272402000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S090150272030134X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["S090150272030134X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijom.2020.04.005","relation":{},"ISSN":["0901-5027"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0901-5027","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Racial disparity of Crouzon syndrome in maxilla and mandible","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijom.2020.04.005","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 International Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}