{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T20:44:01Z","timestamp":1786653841694,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,1]],"date-time":"2016-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1451606400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,15]],"date-time":"2015-12-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1450137600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality world-wide, with ever increasing resistance to commonly used antituberculous drugs. Drug-resistant TB was recognized shortly after the introduction of an effective therapy in the late 1940s, the use of streptomycin, which was the first widely used antituberculosis drug. Patients who received this drug usually had marked and rapid clinical improvement, but treatment failures were common after the first three months of therapy. Most children are infected by household contacts who have TB, particularly parents or other caretakers. Common symptoms of pulmonary TB in children include cough (chronic, without improvement for more than three weeks), fever (higher than 38 \u00b0C for more than two weeks), and weight loss or failure to thrive. Findings on a physical exam may suggest the presence of a lower respiratory infection, whereas the clinical presentation of extra pulmonary TB depends on the site of disease. The most common forms of extra pulmonary disease in children are TB of the lymph nodes and of the central nervous system. The role of inadequate treatment and poor compliance in the emergence of resistance highlights the importance of the DOT (Direct Observation Therapy) method in improving treatment outcomes and to control the spread of resistance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpam.2015.11.003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,24]],"date-time":"2015-12-24T01:00:22Z","timestamp":1450918822000},"page":"28-33","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["A child with complicated Mycobacterium tuberculosis"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Ghaya Ibrahim AL","family":"Qurainees","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haysam Taher","family":"Tufenkeji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R1-5-20240318","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1902","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60727-2","article-title":"Scaling up interventions to achieve global tuberculosis control: progress and new developments","volume":"379","author":"Raviglione","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"R5-5-20240318","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.08-2427","article-title":"Emergence of new forms of totally drug-resistant tuberculosis bacilli: super extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis or totally drug-resistant strains in Iran","volume":"136","author":"Velayati Ali","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"R6-5-20240318","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cir889","article-title":"Totally drug- resistant tuberculosis in India","volume":"54","author":"Udwadia","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"R9-5-20240318","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1086\/595689","article-title":"Clinical characteristics and treatment outcomes of patients with isoniazid-monoresistant tuberculosis","volume":"48","author":"Cattamanchi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"R11-5-20240318","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200901-0078OC","article-title":"Substitution of moxifloxacin for isoniazid during intensive phase treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis","volume":"180","author":"Dorman Susan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"R12-5-20240318","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2010.03.017","article-title":"Isoniazid- resistant tuberculosis in Denmark: mutations, transmission and treatment outcome","volume":"60","author":"Bang","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"R17-5-20240318","first-page":"94","article-title":"Rifampicin induced thrombocytopenia","volume":"54","author":"Garg","year":"2007","journal-title":"Indian J Tuberc"},{"key":"R18-5-20240318","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.3.5713.24","article-title":"Rifam- picin-induced immune thrombocytopenia","volume":"3","author":"Blajchman","year":"1970","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"R19-5-20240318","first-page":"343","article-title":"Potentially serious side effects of high-dose twice-weekly rifampicin","volume":"3","author":"Poole","year":"1971","journal-title":"BrMed J"},{"key":"R20-5-20240318","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1016\/S0962-8479(96)90056-8","article-title":"Rifampicin induced immune thrombocytopenia","volume":"77","author":"Mehta","year":"1996","journal-title":"Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"key":"R21-5-20240318","first-page":"122","article-title":"Rifampicin- induced acute thrombocytopenia","volume":"22","author":"Banu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lung India"},{"key":"R22-5-20240318","first-page":"1189","article-title":"Antibodies against rifampicin in patients with tuberculosis after discontinuation of daily treatment (note)","volume":"114","author":"Bassi","year":"1976","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"R23-5-20240318","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-198223010-00003","article-title":"Adverse effect of anti mycobacterial drugs","volume":"23","author":"Girling","year":"1982","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"R24-5-20240318","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-3879(91)90063-X","article-title":"Can rifampicin be restarted in patients with rifampicin- induced thrombocytopenia?","volume":"72","author":"Bhasin","year":"1991","journal-title":"Tubercle"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2352646715001118?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2352646715001118?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/01863514-201603010-00005","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T19:43:13Z","timestamp":1786650193000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/01863514-201603010-00005"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016]]},"references-count":14,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijpam.2015.11.003","relation":{},"ISSN":["2352-6467"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2352-6467","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"A child with complicated Mycobacterium tuberculosis","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"International Journal of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijpam.2015.11.003","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2016, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre (General Organization), Saudi Arabia. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}