{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T00:25:35Z","timestamp":1791073535282,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,1,1]],"date-time":"2005-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1104537600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001700","name":"Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001700","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["International Journal for Parasitology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2004.10.019","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,11,12]],"date-time":"2004-11-12T17:22:34Z","timestamp":1100280154000},"page":"91-103","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Kola acuminata proanthocyanidins: a class of anti-trypanosomal compounds effective against Trypanosoma brucei"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"B.K.","family":"Kubata","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kisaburo","family":"Nagamune","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nobutoshi","family":"Murakami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Merkel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zakayi","family":"Kabututu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel K.","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taba M.","family":"Kalulu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haq","family":"Mustakuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mitsuru","family":"Yoshida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mayumi","family":"Ohnishi-Kameyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taroh","family":"Kinoshita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Duszenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshihiro","family":"Urade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2004.10.019_bib1","first-page":"705","article-title":"Flavonoid compounds","volume":"vol. 3A","author":"Bate-Smith","year":"1962"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2004.10.019_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1038\/208151a0","article-title":"Structure of condensed tannins","volume":"208","author":"Creasy","year":"1965","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2004.10.019_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-458X(199611)34:11<887::AID-OMR995>3.0.CO;2-U","article-title":"1H and 13C NMR assignments of some green tea polyphenols","volume":"34","author":"Davis","year":"1996","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2004.10.019_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-2952(00)00477-9","article-title":"Uptake and mode of action of drugs used against sleeping sickness","volume":"61","author":"Denise","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2004.10.019_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/0001-706X(93)90090-X","article-title":"Human trypanosomiasis in the Ivory Coast: therapy and problems","volume":"54","author":"Doua","year":"1993","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2004.10.019_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.1991.tb03807.x","article-title":"Microbiological exploitation of cardiac glycosides and alkaloids from Garcinia kola, Borreria ocymoides, Kola nitida and Citrus aurantifolia","volume":"71","author":"Ebana","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Appl. Bacteriol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2004.10.019_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9422(89)80217-1","article-title":"Polyphenolic glycosides from Douglas fir inner bark","volume":"28","author":"Foo","year":"1989","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2004.10.019_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1689","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9422(97)00198-2","article-title":"Proanthocyanidins from lotus pedunculatus","volume":"45","author":"Foo","year":"1997","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2004.10.019_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9422(99)00573-7","article-title":"The structure of cranberry proanthocyanidins which inhibit adherence of uropathogenic P-fimbriated Escherichia coli in vitro","volume":"54","author":"Foo","year":"2000","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2004.10.019_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-8741(96)01463-8","article-title":"Evaluation of African medicinal plants for their in vitro trypanocidal activity","volume":"55","author":"Freiburghaus","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2004.10.019_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.1996.tb00108.x","article-title":"In vitro antitrypanosomal activity of African plants used in traditional medicine in Uganda to treat sleeping sickness","volume":"1","author":"Freiburghaus","year":"1996","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Int. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2004.10.019_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-706X(97)00064-8","article-title":"In vitro trypanocidal activity of some rare Tanzanian medicinal plants","volume":"67","author":"Freiburghaus","year":"1997","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2004.10.019_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-8741(98)00035-X","article-title":"Bioassay-guided isolation of a diastereoisomer of kolavenol from Entada abyssinica active on Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense","volume":"61","author":"Freiburghaus","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2004.10.019_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.bmb.a072044","article-title":"Existing chemotherapy and its limitations","volume":"41","author":"Gutteridge","year":"1985","journal-title":"Br. Med. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2004.10.019_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1211\/0022357011775389","article-title":"Antimicrobial activity of tannin components from Vaccinium vitis-idaea L","volume":"53","author":"Ho","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2004.10.019_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.1994.2544","article-title":"Antioxidant, gallic acid, induces apoptosis in HL-60RG cells","volume":"204","author":"Inoue","year":"1994","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2004.10.019_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2003.09.032","article-title":"Antitrypanosomal and antiplasmodial activity of medicinal plants from Cote d'Ivoire","volume":"90","author":"Kamanzi Atindehou","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2004.10.019_bib18","first-page":"779","article-title":"Natural products as pontential antiparasitic drugs","volume":"vol. 26","author":"Kayser","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2004.10.019_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5849(02)00999-1","article-title":"Dermal wound healing properties of redox-active grape seed proanthocyanidins","volume":"33","author":"Khanna","year":"2002","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2004.10.019_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1759(90)90334-R","article-title":"A modified colorimetric assay of macrophage activation for intracellular cytotoxicity against Leishmania parasites","volume":"127","author":"Kiderlen","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2004.10.019_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1515\/znc-2001-5-620","article-title":"Tannins and related compounds: killing of amastigotes of Leishmania donovani and release of nitric oxide and tumour necrosis factor \u03b1 in macrophages in vitro","volume":"56","author":"Kiderlen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Z. Naturforsch."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2004.10.019_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2006-957360","article-title":"Trypanocidal effects of gallic acid and related compounds","volume":"64","author":"Koide","year":"1998","journal-title":"Planta Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2004.10.019_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1097\/00005176-198905000-00010","article-title":"Tannin-rich carob pod for the treatment of acute-onset diarrhea","volume":"8","author":"Loeb","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2004.10.019_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2001-12009","article-title":"Inhibitory effect of (+)-catechin on the growth of influenza A\/PR\/8 virus in MDCK cells","volume":"67","author":"Mantani","year":"2001","journal-title":"Planta Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2004.10.019_bib25","first-page":"445","article-title":"Trypanosomiase humaine Africaine en milieu urbain: l'exemple de Kinshasa, R\u00e9publique D\u00e9mocratique du Congo en 1998 et 1999","volume":"61","author":"Miaka Mia Bilengue","year":"2001","journal-title":"Med. Trop."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2004.10.019_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10336","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.180230697","article-title":"Critical roles of glycosylphosphatidylinositol for Trypanosoma brucei","volume":"97","author":"Nagamune","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2004.10.019_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1002\/mrc.1260250207","article-title":"High-resolution 13C NMR studies of proanthocyanidin polymers (condensed tannins)","volume":"25","author":"Newman","year":"1987","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2004.10.019_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmc.2003.10.052","article-title":"Occurrence of antioxidant and radical scavenging proanthocyanidins from the Indian minor spice nagkesar (Mammea longifolia planch and triana syn)","volume":"12","author":"Rao","year":"2004","journal-title":"Bioorg. Med. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2004.10.019_bib29","series-title":"Trypanosomiasis and Leishmaniasis: Biology and Control","first-page":"259","article-title":"Drug resistance in trypanosomiasis","author":"Ross","year":"1997"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2004.10.019_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-8741(91)90132-W","article-title":"Inventory of plants used in traditional medicine in Somalia. I. Plants of the families Acanthaceae\u2013Chenopodiaceae","volume":"35","author":"Samuelsson","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2004.10.019_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(01)00142-4","article-title":"African trypanosomiasis research: 100 years of progress, but questions and problems still remain","volume":"31","author":"Seed","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2004.10.019_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.bmb.a011692","article-title":"Human African trypanosomiasis: an emerging public health crisis","volume":"54","author":"Smith","year":"1998","journal-title":"Br. Med. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2004.10.019_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3435","DOI":"10.1021\/jf0116202","article-title":"Identification and in vitro biological activities of hop proanthocyanidins: inhibition of nNOS activity and scavenging of reactive nitrogen species","volume":"50","author":"Stevens","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2004.10.019_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.325.7357.203","article-title":"Human African trypanosomiasis","volume":"325","author":"Stich","year":"2002","journal-title":"Br. Med. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2004.10.019_bib35","series-title":"Communicable Disease Surveillance and Response","year":"2004"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2004.10.019_bib36","first-page":"343","article-title":"In vivo evaluation of sixteen plant extracts on mice inoculated with Trypanosoma brucei gambiense","volume":"75","author":"Youan","year":"1997","journal-title":"Bull. World Health Organ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2004.10.019_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.27.251","article-title":"Antiproliferative activity of the main constituents from Phyllanthus emblica","volume":"2","author":"Zhang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biol. Pharm. Bull."}],"container-title":["International Journal for Parasitology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S002075190400219X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S002075190400219X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,23]],"date-time":"2022-06-23T09:25:27Z","timestamp":1655976327000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S002075190400219X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2005,1]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,1]]}},"alternative-id":["S002075190400219X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijpara.2004.10.019","relation":{},"ISSN":["0020-7519"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0020-7519","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2005,1]]}}}