{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T02:05:19Z","timestamp":1777428319788,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,11,1]],"date-time":"2009-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1257033600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["International Journal for Parasitology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2009.05.012","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,9]],"date-time":"2009-06-09T08:19:10Z","timestamp":1244535550000},"page":"1475-1483","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Trypanosoma vivax displays a clonal population structure"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"Craig W.","family":"Duffy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liam J.","family":"Morrison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alana","family":"Black","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gina L.","family":"Pinchbeck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert M.","family":"Christley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Schoenefeld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andy","family":"Tait","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C. Michael R.","family":"Turner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Annette","family":"MacLeod","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2009.05.012_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7519(85)90063-3","article-title":"Characterization of Trypanosoma (Duttonella) vivax by isoenzyme analysis","volume":"15","author":"Allsopp","year":"1985","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2009.05.012_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2008.02.034","article-title":"Health management of horses under high challenge from trypanosomes: a case study from Serengeti, Tanzania","volume":"154","author":"Auty","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2009.05.012_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2006.08.017","article-title":"Trypanosomiasis by Trypanosoma vivax in cattle in the Brazilian semiarid: description of an outbreak and lesions in the nervous system","volume":"143","author":"Batista","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2009.05.012_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/27.2.573","article-title":"Tandem repeats finder: a program to analyze DNA sequences","volume":"27","author":"Benson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2009.05.012_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/S1567-1348(02)00097-7","article-title":"Evidence for genetic exchange and hybridization in Trypanosoma cruzi based on nucleotide sequences and molecular karyotype","volume":"2","author":"Brisse","year":"2003","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2009.05.012_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0269-283x.2002.00346.x","article-title":"Participatory investigations of bovine trypanosomiasis in Tana River District, Kenya","volume":"16","author":"Catley","year":"2002","journal-title":"Med. Vet. Entomol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2009.05.012_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2006.04.004","article-title":"A comparative longitudinal study of bovine trypanosomiasis in tsetse-free and tsetse-infested zones of the Amhara region, northwest Ethiopia","volume":"140","author":"Cherenet","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2009.05.012_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182006000254","article-title":"The taxonomic and phylogenetic relationships of Trypanosoma vivax from South America and Africa","volume":"133","author":"Cortez","year":"2006","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2009.05.012_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.0020024","article-title":"Ancestral genomes, sex, and the population structure of Trypanosoma cruzi","volume":"2","author":"de Freitas","year":"2006","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2009.05.012_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2005.02.004","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology of clonal diploids: a quick overview and a short diy (do it yourself) notice","volume":"6","author":"De Mee\u00fbs","year":"2006","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2009.05.012_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2005.10.006","article-title":"Epidemiology of Trypanosoma vivax infection in cattle in the tsetse free area of Lake Chad","volume":"74","author":"Delafosse","year":"2006","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2009.05.012_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2003.10.015","article-title":"Mechanical transmission of Trypanosoma vivax in cattle by the African tabanid Atylotus fuscipes","volume":"119","author":"Desquesnes","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2009.05.012_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550-7408.1993.tb04892.x","article-title":"DNA fingerprinting of Trypanosoma vivax isolates rapidly identifies intraspecific relationships","volume":"40","author":"Dirie","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Eukaryot. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2009.05.012_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1112631","article-title":"The genome sequence of Trypanosoma cruzi, etiologic agent of Chagas disease","volume":"309","author":"El-Sayed","year":"2005","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2009.05.012_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7519(90)90156-H","article-title":"A comparison of the isoenzymes of Trypanosoma (Duttonella) vivax isolates from East and West Africa","volume":"20","author":"Fasogbon","year":"1990","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2009.05.012_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(01)00503-9","article-title":"Prevalence and incidence of trypanosomosis in horses and donkeys in The Gambia","volume":"101","author":"Faye","year":"2001","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2009.05.012_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60334-6","article-title":"Recent studies of the biology of Trypanosoma vivax","volume":"28","author":"Gardiner","year":"1989","journal-title":"Adv. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2009.05.012_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-4758(87)90213-4","article-title":"Trypanosoma (Duttonella) vivax","volume":"3","author":"Gardiner","year":"1987","journal-title":"Parasitol. Today"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2009.05.012_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000080112","article-title":"Trypanosoma congolense: the distribution of enzymic variants in East and West Africa","volume":"96","author":"Gashumba","year":"1988","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2009.05.012_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01438","article-title":"Mechanism of genetic exchange in American trypanosomes","volume":"421","author":"Gaunt","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2009.05.012_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2007.03.002","article-title":"Resolution of the species problem in African trypanosomes","volume":"37","author":"Gibson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2009.05.012_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3006","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/26.12.3006","article-title":"Primer design for large scale sequencing","volume":"26","author":"Haas","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2009.05.012_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2005.01.001","article-title":"Tackling the population genetics of clonal and partially clonal organisms","volume":"20","author":"Halkett","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trends Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2009.05.012_bib24","series-title":"The Trypanosomes of Mammals","author":"Hoare","year":"1972"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2009.05.012_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/S1567-1348(03)00069-8","article-title":"Identification of Trypanosoma brucei circulating in a sleeping sickness focus in C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire: assessment of genotype selection by the isolation method","volume":"3","author":"Jamonneau","year":"2003","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2009.05.012_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/S1471-4922(00)01777-3","article-title":"Trypanosoma vivax \u2013 out of Africa","volume":"17","author":"Jones","year":"2001","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2009.05.012_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/S0921-4488(00)00215-7","article-title":"Trypanosomosis in small ruminants maintained by low riverine tsetse population in central Nigeria","volume":"40","author":"Kalu","year":"2001","journal-title":"Small Rumin. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2009.05.012_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1977.11687203","article-title":"The persistence in the field of two characteristic isoenzyme patterns in Nigerian Trypanosoma vivax","volume":"71","author":"Kilgour","year":"1977","journal-title":"Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2009.05.012_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1975.11687016","article-title":"Isoenzymes of two aminotransferases among Trypanosoma vivax in Nigerian cattle","volume":"69","author":"Kilgour","year":"1975","journal-title":"Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2009.05.012_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0811080106","article-title":"Population genetics of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense, the agent of sleeping sickness in Western Africa","volume":"106","author":"Koffi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2009.05.012_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2007.07.001","article-title":"Genetic characterisation of Trypanosoma brucei s.l. using microsatellite typing: new perspectives for the molecular epidemiology of human African trypanosomiasis","volume":"7","author":"Koffi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2009.05.012_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1999","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0711799105","article-title":"Adaptations of Trypanosoma brucei to gradual loss of kinetoplast DNA: Trypanosoma equiperdum and Trypanosoma evansi are petite mutants of T. brucei","volume":"105","author":"Lai","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2009.05.012_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2001.0892","article-title":"The population genetics of Trypanosoma brucei and the origin of human infectivity","volume":"356","author":"MacLeod","year":"2001","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2009.05.012_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(99)00101-2","article-title":"A high level of mixed Trypanosoma brucei infections in tsetse flies detected by three hypervariable minisatellites","volume":"102","author":"MacLeod","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mol. Biochem. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2009.05.012_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molbiopara.2005.04.009","article-title":"Allelic segregation and independent assortment in T. brucei crosses: proof that the genetic system is Mendelian and involves meiosis","volume":"143","author":"MacLeod","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mol. Biochem. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2009.05.012_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13442","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.230434097","article-title":"Minisatellite marker analysis of Trypanosoma brucei: reconciliation of clonal, panmictic, and epidemic population genetic structures","volume":"97","author":"MacLeod","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2009.05.012_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2008.05.019","article-title":"Acute haemorrhagic syndrome of bovine trypanosomosis in Uganda","volume":"107","author":"Magona","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2009.05.012_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7519(92)90047-O","article-title":"Sensitive detection of trypanosomes in tsetse flies by DNA amplification","volume":"22","author":"Masiga","year":"1992","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2009.05.012_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4384","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.90.10.4384","article-title":"How clonal are bacteria?","volume":"90","author":"Maynard-Smith","year":"1993","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2009.05.012_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(95)90021-7","article-title":"Isolation of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense from northern Uganda: evaluation of the kit for in vitro isolation (KIVI) in an epidemic focus","volume":"89","author":"McNamara","year":"1995","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2009.05.012_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2007.76.1132","article-title":"Use of multiple displacement amplification to increase the detection and genotyping of Trypanosoma species samples immobilized on FTA filters","volume":"76","author":"Morrison","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2009.05.012_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2008.08.005","article-title":"Trypanosoma brucei gambiense type 1 populations from human patients are clonal and display geographical genetic differentiation","volume":"8","author":"Morrison","year":"2008","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2009.05.012_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e5564","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0005564","article-title":"Discovery of mating in the major African livestock pathogen Trypanosoma congolense","volume":"4","author":"Morrison","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLOS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2009.05.012_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2004.04.011","article-title":"Infection rate of Trypanosoma brucei s.l., T. vivax, T. congolense \u201cforest type\u201d, and T. simiae in small wild vertebrates in south Cameroon","volume":"92","author":"Njiokou","year":"2004","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2009.05.012_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02762008000100001","article-title":"Trypanosoma (Duttonella) vivax: its biology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, and introduction in the New World \u2013 a review","volume":"103","author":"Os\u00f3rio","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2009.05.012_bib46","first-page":"357","article-title":"Treeview: an application to display phylogenetic trees on personal computers","volume":"12","author":"Page","year":"1996","journal-title":"Comput. Appl. Biosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2009.05.012_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-8286.2005.01155.x","article-title":"Genalex 6: genetic analysis in excel. Population genetic software for teaching and research","volume":"6","author":"Peakall","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol. Ecol. Notes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2009.05.012_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-6148-4-7","article-title":"Trypanosomosis in The Gambia: prevalence in working horses and donkeys detected by whole genome amplification and PCR, and evidence for interactions between trypanosome species","volume":"4","author":"Pinchbeck","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMC Vet. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2009.05.012_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-9822(05)00028-X","article-title":"A phylogenomic inventory of meiotic genes; evidence for sex in Giardia and an early eukaryotic origin of meiosis","volume":"15","author":"Ramesh","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2009.05.012_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182008004848","article-title":"Phylogenetic analysis of Trypanosoma vivax supports the separation of South American\/West African from East African isolates and a new T. vivax-like genotype infecting a nyala antelope from Mozambique","volume":"135","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2008","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2009.05.012_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1002\/bies.20764","article-title":"Using a meiosis detection toolkit to investigate ancient asexual \u201cscandals\u201d and the evolution of sex","volume":"30","author":"Schurko","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bioessays"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2009.05.012_bib53","series-title":"The Trypanosomiases","article-title":"Economics of African trypanosomiasis","author":"Shaw","year":"2004"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2009.05.012_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(97)00005-8","article-title":"Outbreaks of trypanosomosis due to Trypanosoma vivax in cattle in Bolivia","volume":"76","author":"Silva","year":"1998","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2009.05.012_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2007.07.010","article-title":"Trypanosoma brucei gambiense: study of population genetic structure of Central African stocks using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP)","volume":"118","author":"Simo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2009.05.012_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2006.06.032","article-title":"Biting flies and Trypanosoma vivax infection in three highland districts bordering Lake Tana, Ethiopia","volume":"142","author":"Sinshaw","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2009.05.012_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-8286.2003.00408.x","article-title":"MLGsim: a program for detecting clones using a simulation approach","volume":"3","author":"Stenberg","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mol. Ecol. Notes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2009.05.012_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182098003473","article-title":"The ancient and divergent origins of the human pathogenic trypanosomes, Trypanosoma brucei and T. cruzi","volume":"118","author":"Stevens","year":"1999","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2009.05.012_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02761999000200022","article-title":"Immune response of cattle infected with African trypanosomes","volume":"94","author":"Taylor","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2009.05.012_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2414","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.87.7.2414","article-title":"A clonal theory of parasitic protozoa: the population structures of Entamoeba, Giardia, Leishmania, Naegleria, Plasmodium, Trichomonas, and Trypanosoma and their medical and taxonomical consequences","volume":"87","author":"Tibayrenc","year":"1990","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2009.05.012_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5129","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.88.12.5129","article-title":"Are eukaryotic microorganisms clonal or sexual? A population genetics vantage","volume":"88","author":"Tibayrenc","year":"1991","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2009.05.012_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000060571","article-title":"Evidence that the mechanism of gene exchange in Trypanosoma brucei involves meiosis and syngamy","volume":"101","author":"Turner","year":"1990","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2009.05.012_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1179\/000349804225003073","article-title":"Bovine trypanosomiasis in south-western Uganda: packed-cell volumes and prevalences of infection in the cattle","volume":"98","author":"Waiswa","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2009.05.012_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1534\/genetics.104.038745","article-title":"Two hybridization events define the population structure of Trypanosoma cruzi","volume":"171","author":"Westenberger","year":"2005","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2009.05.012_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1983.11811740","article-title":"Enzyme polymorphism and the distribution of Trypanosoma congolense isolates","volume":"77","author":"Young","year":"1983","journal-title":"Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol."}],"container-title":["International Journal for Parasitology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0020751909002264?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0020751909002264?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,20]],"date-time":"2019-05-20T20:01:45Z","timestamp":1558382505000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0020751909002264"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,11]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,11]]}},"alternative-id":["S0020751909002264"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijpara.2009.05.012","relation":{},"ISSN":["0020-7519"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0020-7519","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,11]]}}}