{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T21:09:41Z","timestamp":1783976981498,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":126,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,5]],"date-time":"2026-07-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783209600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":34,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000270","name":"UK Research and Innovation Natural Environment Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000270","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016270","name":"Global Challenges Research Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016270","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["International Journal for Parasitology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2026.104918","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T23:19:54Z","timestamp":1782861594000},"page":"104918","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Hidden digenean diversity in two African protected areas: metabarcoding as a tool for parasite identification"],"prefix":"10.1016","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3151-2722","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anya V.","family":"Tober","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bonnie","family":"Webster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danny","family":"Govender","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jo","family":"Cable","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isa-Rita M.","family":"Russo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2026.104918_b0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-021-05147-w","article-title":"Estimating the financial impact of livestock schistosomiasis on traditional subsistence and transhumance farmers keeping cattle, sheep and goats in northern Senegal","volume":"15","author":"Adeyemo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2026.104918_b0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3619","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-018-6062-9","article-title":"Phylogenetic relationships within Dicrocoeliidae (Platyhelminthes: Digenea) from birds from the Czech Republic using partial 28S rDNA sequences","volume":"117","author":"Aldhoun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2026.104918_b0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2013.01.003","article-title":"Use of sentinel snails for the detection of Schistosoma haematobium transmission on Zanzibar and observations on transmission patterns","volume":"128","author":"Allan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2026.104918_b0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3389","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/25.17.3389","article-title":"Gapped BLAST and PSI-BLAST: a new generation of protein database search programs","volume":"25","author":"Altschul","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2026.104918_b0030","first-page":"1756","article-title":"Four barriers to the global understanding of biodiversity conservation: wealth, language, geographical location and security","volume":"280","author":"Amano","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Royal Soc. b: Biol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2026.104918_b0035","unstructured":"Andrews, S., 2010. FastQC: a quality control tool for high throughput sequence data. Available online: http:\/\/www.bioinformatics.babraham.ac.uk\/projects\/fastqc\/. (Accessed on 1 June 2022)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2026.104918_b0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.2989\/16085914.2003.9626602","article-title":"Alien and invasive fresh water Gastropoda in South Africa","volume":"28","author":"Appleton","year":"2003","journal-title":"Afr. J. Aq. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2026.104918_bib621","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1093\/mollus\/68.4.399","article-title":"First report of Tarebia granifera (Lamarck, 1816)(Gastropoda: Thiaridae) from Africa","volume":"68","author":"Appleton","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Mollusc. Stud."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2026.104918_b0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2018.10.005","article-title":"Deep amplicon sequencing as a powerful new tool to screen for sequence polymorphisms associated with anthelmintic resistance in parasitic nematode populations","volume":"49","author":"Avramenko","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2026.104918_b0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1111\/eva.13158","article-title":"Invasive freshwater snails form novel microbial relationships","volume":"14","author":"Bankers","year":"2021","journal-title":"Evol. Appl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2026.104918_bib619","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X00004417","article-title":"On three known trematodes from African birds, with notes on the genera Typhlocoelum, Paryphostomum and Petasiger","volume":"31","author":"Bisseru","year":"1957","journal-title":"J . Helminthol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2026.104918_b0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-7-243","article-title":"Estimating trematode prevalence in snail hosts using a single-step duplex PCR: how badly does cercarial shedding underestimate infection rates?","volume":"7","author":"Born-Torrijos","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2026.104918_bib616","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2013.06.004","article-title":"Discovery-based studies of schistosome diversity stimulate new hypotheses about parasite biology","volume":"29","author":"Brant","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trends. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2026.104918_bib624","unstructured":"Brown, D.S., Kristensen, T.K., 1989. A field guide to African freshwater snails 8. Southern African species. Danish Bilharzia Laboratory."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2026.104918_b0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00005620","article-title":"Freshwater snails of East Caprivi and the lower Okavango River basin in Namibia and Botswana","volume":"246","author":"Brown","year":"1992","journal-title":"Hydrobiologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2026.104918_b0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2639","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2017.119","article-title":"Exact sequence variants should replace operational taxonomic units in marker-gene data analysis","volume":"11","author":"Callahan","year":"2017","journal-title":"ISME J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2026.104918_b0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.3869","article-title":"DADA2: high-resolution sample inference from Illumina amplicon data","volume":"13","author":"Callahan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2026.104918_b0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2020.108596","article-title":"A global parasite conservation plan","volume":"250","author":"Carlson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biol. Conserv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2026.104918_b0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-008-1086-1","article-title":"The detection and quantification of a digenean infection in the snail host with special emphasis on Fasciola sp","volume":"103","author":"Caron","year":"2008","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2026.104918_b0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1645\/20-72","article-title":"Spread of an avian eye fluke, Philophthalmus gralli, through biological invasion of an intermediate host","volume":"107","author":"Chalkowski","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2026.104918_b0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2028.2008.01017.x","article-title":"Elephants caught in the middle: impacts of war, fences and people on elephant distribution and abundance in the Caprivi Strip, Namibia","volume":"47","author":"Chase","year":"2009","journal-title":"Afr. J. Ecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2026.104918_b0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5450","DOI":"10.1111\/1462-2920.15303","article-title":"The hemolymph of Biomphalaria snail vectors of schistosomiasis supports a diverse microbiome","volume":"22","author":"Chevalier","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2026.104918_b0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.160535","article-title":"Parasite vulnerability to climate change: an evidence-based functional trait approach","volume":"4","author":"Cizauskas","year":"2017","journal-title":"R. Soc. Open Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2026.104918_b0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1038\/421585a","article-title":"Parasites lost","volume":"421","author":"Clay","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2026.104918_b0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jip.2025.108451","article-title":"Decoding the gene expression response of Cerastoderma edule to chronic trematode infection: a comparison among host tissues","volume":"214","author":"Correia","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Invert. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2026.104918_b0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/1994011039","article-title":"Several observations concerning cercarial sheddings of Fasciola gigantica from Lymnaea natalensis","volume":"1","author":"Da Costa","year":"1994","journal-title":"Parasite"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2026.104918_b0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-022-05644-6","article-title":"Faecal metabarcoding provides improved detection and taxonomic resolution for non-invasive monitoring of gastrointestinal nematode parasites in wild moose populations","volume":"16","author":"Davey","year":"2023","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2026.104918_b0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e39","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X25000197","article-title":"ParasiteBlitz: adaptation of the BioBlitz concept to parasitology","volume":"99","author":"De Buron","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Helminthol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2026.104918_b0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.4102\/koedoe.v50i1.126","article-title":"Invasive alien freshwater snail species in the Kruger National Park, South Africa","volume":"50","author":"De Kock","year":"2008","journal-title":"Koedoe: Afr. Prot. Area Cons. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2026.104918_b0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4102\/koedoe.v45i2.23","article-title":"Freshwater mollusc diversity in the Kruger National Park: a comparison between a period of prolonged drought and a period of exceptionally high rainfall","volume":"45","author":"De Kock","year":"2002","journal-title":"Koedoe"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2026.104918_b0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X19000191","article-title":"Testing the higher-level phylogenetic classification of Digenea (Platyhelminthes, Trematoda) based on nuclear rDNA sequences before entering the age of the \u2018next-generation\u2019 tree of Life","volume":"93","author":"De Le\u00f3n","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Helminthol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2026.104918_b0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2023.07.005","article-title":"DNA metabarcoding reveals spatial and temporal variation of fish eye fluke communities in lake ecosystems","volume":"54","author":"Diaz-Suarez","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2026.104918_b0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11482","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0803232105","article-title":"Homage to Linnaeus: how many parasites? How many hosts?","volume":"105","author":"Dobson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2026.104918_b0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1002\/edn3.273","article-title":"Make visible the invisible: optimized development of an environmental DNA metabarcoding tool for the characterization of trematode parasitic communities","volume":"4","author":"Douchet","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. DNA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2026.104918_b0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1111\/cobi.12634","article-title":"Paradigms for parasite conservation","volume":"30","author":"Dougherty","year":"2016","journal-title":"Conserv. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2026.104918_b0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-020-04536-x","article-title":"Trematode diversity reflecting the community structure of Danish freshwater systems: molecular clues","volume":"14","author":"Duan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Parasite Vectors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2026.104918_bib617","first-page":"1","article-title":"Studies on the family gastrothylacidae stiles et Goldberger, 1910 occurring in Nigerian fulani cattle","volume":"15","author":"Dube","year":"2005","journal-title":"Acta. Zoo. Taiwanica."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2026.104918_b0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X17000189","article-title":"An updated look at the uneven distribution of cryptic diversity among parasitic helminths","volume":"92","author":"Dye Le\u00f3n","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Helminthol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2026.104918_b0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1038\/s41576-020-0269-1","article-title":"Host\u2013parasite co-evolution and its genomic signature","volume":"21","author":"Ebert","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2026.104918_b0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.4314\/wsa.v42i1.07","article-title":"Acute and chronic effects of acidic pH on four subtropical frog species","volume":"42","author":"Farquharson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Water SA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2026.104918_b0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1139\/gen-2018-0064","article-title":"Bacterial diversity in the waterholes of the Kruger National Park: an eDNA metabarcoding approach","volume":"62","author":"Farrell","year":"2019","journal-title":"Genome"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2026.104918_b0200","first-page":"337","article-title":"Biodiversity indices","volume":"2","author":"Fedor","year":"2019","journal-title":"Encycl. Ecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2026.104918_b0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.2307\/1543232","article-title":"Patterns and processes of larval emergence in an estuarine parasite system","volume":"205","author":"Fingerut","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biol. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2026.104918_b0210","first-page":"294","article-title":"DNA primers for amplification of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I from diverse metazoan invertebrates","volume":"3","author":"Folmer","year":"1994","journal-title":"Mol. Mar. Biol. Biotech."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2026.104918_b0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.4102\/koedoe.v26i1.591","article-title":"Landscapes of the Kruger national park","volume":"26","author":"Gertenbach","year":"1983","journal-title":"Koedoe"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2026.104918_bib612","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1111\/1755-0998.13101","article-title":"Metabarcoding of eukaryotic parasite communities describes diverse parasite assemblages spanning the primate phylogeny","volume":"20","author":"Gogarten","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Ecol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2026.104918_b0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182006001685","article-title":"Development and application of an ethical and epidemiologically appropriate assay for the multi-locus microsatellite analysis of Schistosoma mansoni","volume":"134","author":"Gower","year":"2007","journal-title":"Parasitol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2026.104918_b0225","first-page":"60","article-title":"BioEdit: an important software for molecular biology","volume":"2","author":"Hall","year":"2011","journal-title":"GERF Bull Biosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2026.104918_b0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1111\/1755-0998.13492","article-title":"Simultaneous genotyping of snails and infecting trematode parasites using high\u2010throughput amplicon sequencing","volume":"22","author":"Hammoud","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Ecol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2026.104918_b0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3879","DOI":"10.1007\/s10531-021-02279-4","article-title":"Detecting rare terrestrial orchids and associated plant communities from soil samples with eDNA methods","author":"Hartvig","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biodivers. Conserv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2026.104918_b0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2005.3070","article-title":"Host diversity begets parasite diversity: bird final hosts and trematodes in snail intermediate hosts","volume":"272","author":"Hechinger","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. B"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2026.104918_b0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1007\/s00442-006-0568-z","article-title":"Can parasites be indicators of free-living diversity? Relationships between species richness and the abundance of larval trematodes and of local benthos and fishes","volume":"151","author":"Hechinger","year":"2007","journal-title":"Oecologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2026.104918_b0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"966","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-1381.1","article-title":"Trematodes indicate animal biodiversity in the Chilean intertidal and Lake Tanganyika","volume":"94","author":"Hechinger","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2026.104918_bib623","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-015-4875-3","article-title":"Molecular characteristics of representatives of the genus Brachylecithum Shtrom, 1940 (Digenea, Dicrocoeliidae) with comments on life cycle and host specificity","volume":"115","author":"Hildebrand","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2026.104918_b0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fevo.2024.1341359","article-title":"Host species of freshwater snails within the same freshwater ecosystem shapes the intestinal microbiome","volume":"12","author":"Hu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2026.104918_b0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3092","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.03092","article-title":"Schistosomiasis vector snails and their microbiota display a phylosymbiosis pattern","volume":"10","author":"Huot","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2026.104918_b0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1890\/01-5346","article-title":"Using larval trematodes that parasitize snails to evaluate a saltmarsh restoration project","volume":"14","author":"Huspeni","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ecol. App."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2026.104918_b0280","unstructured":"Illumina, 2013. https:\/\/support.illumina.com\/documents\/documentation\/chemistry_documentation\/16s\/16s-metagenomic-library-prep-guide-15044223-b.pdf. (Accessed on 17 July 2024)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2026.104918_bib618","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1890\/0012-9615(2002)072[0151:PROILT]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Parasite (Ribeiroia ondatrae) infection linked to amphibian malformations in the western United States","volume":"72","author":"Johnson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ecol. Mono."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2026.104918_b0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(04)57003-3","article-title":"Review of the trematode genus Ribeiroia (Psilostomidae): ecology, life history, and pathogenesis with special emphasis on the amphibian malformation problem","volume":"57","author":"Johnson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Adv. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2026.104918_b0295","first-page":"1","article-title":"Inferences of gut bacterial diversity from next-generation sequencing of 16S rDNA in deep sea blind ray-Benthobatis moresbyi","volume":"9","author":"Johny","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ecol. Genet. Genomics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2026.104918_b0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2018.0072","article-title":"Poor geographical match between the distributions of host diversity and parasite discovery effort","volume":"285","author":"Jorge","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. B"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2026.104918_b0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1093\/zoolinnean\/zlad102","article-title":"Hyperparasitism among larval stages of Digenea in snail hosts: sophisticated life strategy or pure randomness? The scenario of Cotylurus sp","volume":"200","author":"Kanarek","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Linn. Soc. London, Zool."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2026.104918_b0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-1-15","article-title":"Molecular characterization of freshwater snails in the genus Bulinus: a role for barcodes?","volume":"1","author":"Kane","year":"2008","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2026.104918_b0315","series-title":"10th International Seminar and 12th Congress of Indonesian Society for Microbiology (ISISM 2019)","first-page":"54","article-title":"Analysis of bacterial community structure and diversity in traditional gold mining waste disposal site by using a metabarcoding approach","author":"Kepel","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2026.104918_b0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9900","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.152098899","article-title":"Synergism between trematode infection and pesticide exposure: a link to amphibian limb deformities in nature?","volume":"99","author":"Kiesecker","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2026.104918_b0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-52422-z","article-title":"Improved 18S and 28S rDNA primer sets for NGS-based parasite detection","volume":"9","author":"Kounosu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2026.104918_b0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X00012384","article-title":"Do all human urinary infections with Schistosoma mattheei represent hybridization between S. haematobium and S. mattheei?","volume":"64","author":"Kruger","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Helminthol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2026.104918_b0335","first-page":"153","article-title":"The tegument of Schistosoma hippopotami from Hippopotamus amphibius in the Kruger National Park","volume":"55","author":"Kruger","year":"1988","journal-title":"Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2026.104918_b0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06970","article-title":"Ecosystem energetic implications of parasite and free-living biomass in three estuaries","volume":"454","author":"Kuris","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2026.104918_b0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-4758(97)01072-7","article-title":"Environmental parasitology: what can parasites tell us about human impacts on the environment?","volume":"13","author":"Lafferty","year":"1997","journal-title":"Parasitol. Today"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2026.104918_b0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2814","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2012.0110","article-title":"Biodiversity loss decreases parasite diversity: theory and patterns","volume":"367","author":"Lafferty","year":"2012","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2026.104918_b0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1461-0248.2008.01174.x","article-title":"Parasites in food webs: the ultimate missing links","volume":"11","author":"Lafferty","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ecol. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2026.104918_b0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2019.01.025","article-title":"The diverse echinostomes from East Africa: with a focus on species that use Biomphalaria and Bulinus as intermediate hosts","volume":"193","author":"Laidemitt","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2026.104918_b0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1645\/0022-3395(2003)089[0183:TFHCIM]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"The first human case in Mexico of conjunctivitis caused by the avian parasite, Philophthalmus lacrimosus","volume":"89","author":"Lamothe-Argumedo","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2026.104918_b0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2010.11.004","article-title":"Intra-host competition between co-infecting digeneans within a bivalve second intermediate host: dominance by priority-effect or taking advantage of others?","volume":"41","author":"Leung","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2026.104918_b0380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60175-X","article-title":"Intramolluscan inter-trematode antagonism: a review of factors influencing the host-parasite system and its possible role in biological control","volume":"10","author":"Lim","year":"1972","journal-title":"Adv. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2026.104918_b0385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182002002792","article-title":"The phylogeny of the Schistosomatidae based on three genes with emphasis on the interrelationships of Schistosoma Weinland, 1858","volume":"126","author":"Lockyer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2026.104918_bib615","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2006.09.001","article-title":"Diversification, dioecy and dimorphism in schistosomes","volume":"22","author":"Loker","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trends. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2026.104918_b0390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e63","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X19000531","article-title":"Fasciola species and their vertebrate and snail intermediate hosts in East and Southern Africa: a review","volume":"94","author":"Malatji","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Helminthol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2026.104918_bib614","first-page":"563","article-title":"Observations on the pathology of bilharziasis and other parasitic infestations of Hippopotamus amphibius Linnaeus, 1758, from the Kruger National Park","volume":"34","author":"McCully","year":"1967","journal-title":"Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2026.104918_b0395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1111\/2041-210X.13115","article-title":"Methods for normalizing microbiome data: an ecological perspective","volume":"10","author":"McKnight","year":"2019","journal-title":"Meth. Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2026.104918_b0400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0061217","article-title":"phyloseq: an R package for reproducible interactive analysis and graphics of microbiome census data","volume":"8","author":"McMurdie","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2026.104918_b0405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1003531","article-title":"Waste not, want not: why rarefying microbiome data is inadmissible","volume":"10","author":"McMurdie","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Comp. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2026.104918_b0410","series-title":"Atlas of Namibia. A Portrait of the Land and its People","first-page":"200","author":"Mendelsohn","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2026.104918_b0415","unstructured":"Mendelsohn, J., Roberts, R., 1997. Environmental Profile of the Caprivi Strip. RAISON, Directorate of Environmental Affairs, Windhoek, Namibia. 4-6."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2026.104918_b0420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-024-06388-1","article-title":"Transforming gastrointestinal helminth parasite identification in vertebrate hosts with metabarcoding: a systematic review","volume":"17","author":"Miller","year":"2024","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2026.104918_b0425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1007\/s10750-015-2452-5","article-title":"Sharing the load: a survey of parasitism in the invasive freshwater pulmonate, Physa acuta (Hygrophila: Physidae) and sympatric native snail populations","volume":"766","author":"Mitchell","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hydrobiologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2026.104918_b0430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2005.02.014","article-title":"Molecular-genetic analyses reveal cryptic species of trematodes in the intertidal gastropod, Batillaria cumingi (Crosse)","volume":"35","author":"Miura","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2026.104918_b0435","unstructured":"O\u2019Dwyer, K., 2015. Rocky shore snails and their trematodes: new systems, new parasites, new insights. Unpublished doctoral thesis. University of Otago."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2026.104918_b0440","first-page":"1132","article-title":"Extensive uncharted biodiversity: the parasite dimension","volume":"58","author":"Okamura","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. Comp. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2026.104918_b0445","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2020.105437","article-title":"Diversity of digenean trematode larvae in snails from Lake Victoria, Kenya: first reports and bioindicative aspects","volume":"206","author":"Outa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2026.104918_b0450","first-page":"197","article-title":"Socio-economic impacts of a national park on local indigenous livelihoods: the case of the Bwabwata National Park in Namibia","volume":"99","author":"Paksi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Senri Ethnol. Stud."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2026.104918_b0455","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gecco.2016.08.008","article-title":"Saving the doomed: using eDNA to aid in detection of rare sturgeon for conservation (Acipenseridae)","volume":"8","author":"Pfleger","year":"2016","journal-title":"Global Ecol. Conserv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2026.104918_b0460","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(61)90038-4","article-title":"Observations on a possible hybrid between the two schistosomes S. haematobium and S. mattheei","volume":"55","author":"Pitchford","year":"1961","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2026.104918_b0465","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1931","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-294X.2011.05403.x","article-title":"Who is eating what: diet assessment using next generation sequencing","volume":"21","author":"Pompanon","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. Ecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2026.104918_b0470","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2014.02.003","article-title":"Parasite biodiversity revisited: frontiers and constraints","volume":"44","author":"Poulin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2026.104918_b0475","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-018-3241-6","article-title":"Evolution, phylogenetic distribution and functional ecology of division of labour in trematodes","volume":"12","author":"Poulin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2026.104918_b0480","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rideout, J.R., et al., 2018. QIIME 2: reproducible, interactive, scalable, and extensible microbiome data science. Peer. J. Prepr. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7287\/peerj.preprints.27295.","DOI":"10.7287\/peerj.preprints.27295"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2026.104918_b0485","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Robeson, M.S., O\u2019Rourke, D.R., Kaehler, B.D., Ziemski, M., Dillon, M.R., Foster, J.T., Bokulich, N.A., 2020. RESCRIPt: Reproducible sequence taxonomy reference database management for the masses. bioRxiv.10.05.326504. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2020.10.05.326504.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.10.05.326504"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2026.104918_bib613","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7188","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkm864","article-title":"SILVA: a comprehensive online resource for quality checked and aligned ribosomal RNA sequence data compatible with ARB","volume":"35","author":"Pruesse","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nuc. Acid. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2026.104918_bib622","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182001008046","article-title":"Interactions between intermediate snail hosts of the genus Bulinus and schistosomes of the Schistosoma haematobium group","volume":"123","author":"Rollinson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Parasitol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2026.104918_b0490","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1602","DOI":"10.1111\/fwb.13189","article-title":"Small snails, high productivity? Larval output of parasites from an abundant host","volume":"63","author":"Rosenkranz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Freshwater Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2026.104918_b0495","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0221475","article-title":"Characterization of ecto-and endoparasite communities of wild Mediterranean teleosts by a metabarcoding approach","volume":"14","author":"Scheifler","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2026.104918_b0500","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7519(82)90007-8","article-title":"A comparison of aspects of the biology of two subspecies of Typhlocoelum cucumerinum (Digenea: Cyclocoelidae) in three families of snails (Physidae, Lymnaeidae and Planorbidae)","volume":"12","author":"Scott","year":"1982","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2026.104918_b0505","first-page":"143","article-title":"Effect of sewage sludge on the miracidium and cercaria of Zoogonoides viviparus (Trematoda: Digenea)","volume":"31","author":"Siddall","year":"1994","journal-title":"Helminthologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2026.104918_b0510","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.2307\/3283509","article-title":"Trematode community structure in the pulmonate snail Physa gyrina","author":"Snyder","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2026.104918_b0515","unstructured":"Spies, A., Nyambi, A., Schraader, B., Greaver, C., Simms, C., Wigley-Coetsee, C., Visagie, D., Riddell, E., Coestzee, M., Thwala, D., Pienaar, D., Govender, D., Daemane, E., Phillips, G., Zambatis, G., et al., 2018. Kruger National Park Management Plan 2018\u20132028. https:\/\/www.sanparks.org\/assets\/docs\/conservation\/park_man\/knp-draft-plan.pdf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2026.104918_b0520","first-page":"1","article-title":"Who eats whom? Interactions between the non-native snail Physa acuta, local digeneans, and a commensal oligochaete","volume":"153","author":"Stanicka","year":"2025","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2026.104918_b0525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2024.10.015","article-title":"Metabarcoding in gut protozoology","volume":"40","author":"Stensvold","year":"2024","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2026.104918_b0530","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2024.12.008","article-title":"Schistosoma mattheei and zoonotic schistosomiasis","volume":"41","author":"Stothard","year":"2025","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2026.104918_b0535","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008201","article-title":"Future schistosome hybridizations: will all Schistosoma haematobium hybrids please stand-up!","volume":"14","author":"Stothard","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2026.104918_b0540","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2045","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-294X.2012.05470.x","article-title":"Towards next\u2010generation biodiversity assessment using DNA metabarcoding","volume":"21","author":"Taberlet","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. Ecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2026.104918_b0545","first-page":"365","article-title":"Amphistomes","volume":"vol. 766","author":"Tandon","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2026.104918_b0550","first-page":"66","volume":"vol. 12","author":"Taylor","year":"2012","journal-title":"Naming the land: San identity and community conservation in Namibia's West Caprivi"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2026.104918_b0555","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182021001840","article-title":"Lurking in the water: testing eDNA metabarcoding as a tool for ecosystem-wide parasite detection","volume":"149","author":"Thomas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2026.104918_bib611","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4876","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/25.24.4876","article-title":"The CLUSTAL_X windows interface: flexible strategies for multiple sequence alignment aided by quality analysis tools","volume":"25","author":"Thompson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nuc. Acid. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2026.104918_b0560","first-page":"1","article-title":"The microscopic five of the big five: managing zoonotic diseases within and beyond African wildlife protected areas","volume":"117","author":"Tober","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2026.104918_b0570","first-page":"3","volume":"vol. 480","year":"2014","journal-title":"Digenetic Trematodes,"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2026.104918_b0575","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.4102\/koedoe.v29i1.524","article-title":"An account of the geomorphology and drainage of the Kruger National Park","volume":"29","author":"Venter","year":"1986","journal-title":"Koedoe"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2026.104918_b0580","series-title":"The Kruger Experience: Ecology and Management of Savanna Heterogeneity","first-page":"83","article-title":"The abiotic template and its associated vegetation pattern","author":"Venter","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2026.104918_b0585","first-page":"178","article-title":"Parasites of an Arctic scavenger; the wolverine (Gulo gulo)","volume":"13","author":"Watson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol: Parasites Wildlife."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2026.104918_b0590","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2110","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002110","article-title":"Introgressive hybridization of Schistosoma haematobium group species in Senegal: species barrier break down between ruminant and human schistosomes","volume":"7","author":"Webster","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Neg. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2026.104918_b0595","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1882","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001882","article-title":"Genetic diversity within Schistosoma haematobium: DNA barcoding reveals two distinct groups","volume":"6","author":"Webster","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Neg. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2026.104918_b0600","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-017-0237-y","article-title":"Normalization and microbial differential abundance strategies depend upon data characteristics","volume":"5","author":"Weiss","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2026.104918_b0605","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1089\/10665270050081478","article-title":"A greedy algorithm for aligning DNA sequences","volume":"7","author":"Zhang","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Comput. Biol."}],"container-title":["International Journal for Parasitology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0020751926001499?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0020751926001499?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T20:24:17Z","timestamp":1783974257000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0020751926001499"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"references-count":126,"alternative-id":["S0020751926001499"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijpara.2026.104918","relation":{},"ISSN":["0020-7519"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0020-7519","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Hidden digenean diversity in two African protected areas: metabarcoding as a tool for parasite identification","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"International Journal for Parasitology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijpara.2026.104918","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of Australian Society for Parasitology.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"104918"}}