{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,30]],"date-time":"2026-08-30T05:23:01Z","timestamp":1788067381247,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,1]],"date-time":"2017-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1491004800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,1]],"date-time":"2017-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1491004800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,1]],"date-time":"2016-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1480550400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001791","name":"Griffith University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NSC1009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSC1009"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001791","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001791","name":"Griffith University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NSC1010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSC1010"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001791","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100013103","name":"QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["BRIS\/91\/HEPU\/1279"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BRIS\/91\/HEPU\/1279"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100013103","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["International Journal for Parasitology: Drugs and Drug Resistance"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2017.01.005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,27]],"date-time":"2017-01-27T14:16:47Z","timestamp":1485526607000},"page":"83-89","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["A novel in\u00a0vitro image-based assay identifies new drug leads for giardiasis"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2115-6683","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher J.S.","family":"Hart","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taylah","family":"Munro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katherine T.","family":"Andrews","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John H.","family":"Ryan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew G.","family":"Riches","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tina S.","family":"Skinner-Adams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2017.01.005_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2516","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002516","article-title":"Burden of Giardia duodenalis infection and its adverse effects on growth of schoolchildren in rural Malaysia","volume":"7","author":"Al-Mekhlafi","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2017.01.005_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2005.02.006","article-title":"Giardiasis as a predictor of childhood malnutrition in Orang Asli children in Malaysia","volume":"99","author":"Al-Mekhlafi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2017.01.005_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009","article-title":"Drug resistance in Giardia duodenalis","volume":"33","author":"Ansell","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Adv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2017.01.005_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkh388","article-title":"Variability and variation in drug susceptibility among Giardia duodenalis isolates and clones exposed to 5-nitroimidazoles and benzimidazoles in vitro","volume":"54","author":"Arguello-Garcia","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2017.01.005_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2672","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI67294","article-title":"Persistent G.\u00a0lamblia impairs growth in a murine malnutrition model","volume":"123","author":"Bartelt","year":"2013","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Clin. Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2017.01.005_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2731","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02641-13","article-title":"Identification of Cryptosporidium parvum active chemical series by Repurposing the open access malaria box","volume":"58","author":"Bessoff","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2017.01.005_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molbiopara.2008.08.005","article-title":"Identification of growth inhibiting compounds in a Giardia lamblia high-throughput screen","volume":"162","author":"Bonilla-Santiago","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol. Biochem. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2017.01.005_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/14.5.449","article-title":"The sensitivity of Giardia intestinalis to drugs in vitro","volume":"14","author":"Boreham","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2017.01.005_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5848","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02541-14","article-title":"Repurposing the open access malaria box to discover potent inhibitors of Toxoplasma gondii and Entamoeba histolytica","volume":"58","author":"Boyom","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2017.01.005_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550-7408.2002.tb00523.x","article-title":"In vitro effect of nitazoxanide against Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia intestinalis and Trichomonas vaginalis trophozoites","volume":"49","author":"Cedillo-Rivera","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Eukaryot. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2017.01.005_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1099\/00222615-37-3-221","article-title":"In-vitro susceptibility of Giardia lamblia to albendazole, mebendazole and other chemotherapeutic agents","volume":"37","author":"Cedillo-Rivera","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2017.01.005_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-2952(03)00240-5","article-title":"The mitochondrial uncoupler dicumarol disrupts the MTT assay","volume":"66","author":"Collier","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2017.01.005_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2003","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268811002858","article-title":"Direct healthcare costs of selected diseases primarily or partially transmitted by water","volume":"140","author":"Collier","year":"2012","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2017.01.005_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkg150","article-title":"Isolation, excystation and axenization of Giardia lamblia isolates: in vitro susceptibility to metronidazole and albendazole","volume":"51","author":"Cruz","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2017.01.005_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/S1081-1206(10)62823-2","article-title":"Association between giardiasis and allergy","volume":"81","author":"Di Prisco","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2017.01.005_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1408","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/162.6.1408","article-title":"Activity of the anthelmintic benzimidazoles against Giardia lamblia in vitro","volume":"162","author":"Edlind","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2017.01.005_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1885","DOI":"10.1517\/14656566.8.12.1885","article-title":"Giardiasis: a pharmacotherapy review","volume":"8","author":"Escobedo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Pharmacother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2017.01.005_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1179\/000349803235002290","article-title":"Comparison of chloroquine, albendazole and tinidazole in the treatment of children with giardiasis","volume":"97","author":"Escobedo","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2017.01.005_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182010001101","article-title":"High-throughput screening in suboptimal growth conditions identifies agonists of Giardia lamblia proliferation","volume":"138","author":"Faghiri","year":"2011","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2017.01.005_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70260-0","article-title":"Giardiasis","volume":"25","author":"Farthing","year":"1996","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Clin. North Am."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2017.01.005_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.14.1.114-128.2001","article-title":"Treatment of giardiasis","volume":"14","author":"Gardner","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2017.01.005_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2012.239","article-title":"The impoverished gut\u2013a triple burden of diarrhoea, stunting and chronic disease","volume":"10","author":"Guerrant","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2017.01.005_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2010.12.026","article-title":"An image-based assay for high throughput screening of Giardia lamblia","volume":"84","author":"Gut","year":"2011","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Microbiol. Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2017.01.005_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(93)90435-S","article-title":"Albendazole as a treatment for infections with Giardia duodenalis in children in Bangladesh","volume":"87","author":"Hall","year":"1993","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2017.01.005_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-230X-9-27","article-title":"Development of functional gastrointestinal disorders after Giardia lamblia infection","volume":"9","author":"Hanevik","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMC Gastroenterol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2017.01.005_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2010.09.006","article-title":"A colorimetric method for the evaluation of anti-giardial drugs in vitro","volume":"127","author":"Hounkong","year":"2011","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2017.01.005_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/0001-706X(93)90083-N","article-title":"A\u00a0comparison of three methods of estimating EC50 in studies of drug resistance of malaria parasites","volume":"55","author":"Huber","year":"1993","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2017.01.005_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-8741(95)01224-2","article-title":"Anti-giardial activity of gastrointestinal remedies of the Luo of east Africa","volume":"46","author":"Johns","year":"1995","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2017.01.005_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1177\/1087057115569155","article-title":"Repurposing of the open access malaria box for Kinetoplastid diseases identifies novel active scaffolds against trypanosomatids","volume":"20","author":"Kaiser","year":"2015","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Biomol. Screen"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2017.01.005_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd4683","article-title":"Hit and lead criteria in drug discovery for infectious diseases of the developing world","volume":"14","author":"Katsuno","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2017.01.005_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(83)90120-7","article-title":"Axenic culture of Giardia lamblia in TYI-S-33 medium supplemented with bile","volume":"77","author":"Keister","year":"1983","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2017.01.005_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.15-0448","article-title":"Antileishmanial activity of compounds derived from the Medicines for malaria venture open access box against intracellular Leishmania major amastigotes","volume":"94","author":"Khraiwesh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2017.01.005_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1001921","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001921","article-title":"World health organization estimates of the global and regional disease burden of 22 foodborne bacterial, Protozoal, and viral diseases, 2010: a data synthesis","volume":"12","author":"Kirk","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2017.01.005_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7303","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.03834-14","article-title":"Discovery of novel antigiardiasis drug candidates","volume":"58","author":"Kulakova","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2017.01.005_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(87)90438-X","article-title":"Comparative studies on the axenic in\u00a0vitro cultivation of Giardia of human and canine origin: evidence for intraspecific variation","volume":"81","author":"Meloni","year":"1987","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2017.01.005_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkp363","article-title":"Stable expression of Escherichia coli glucuronidase A (Gus A) in Giardia lamblia: application to high-throughut drug susceptibility testing","volume":"64","author":"M\u00fcller","year":"2009","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2017.01.005_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2015.04.019","article-title":"Increased incidence of nitroimidazole-refractory giardiasis at the hospital for tropical diseases, London: 2008-2013","volume":"21","author":"Nabarro","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2017.01.005_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/156.6.974","article-title":"Experimental human infections with Giardia lamblia","volume":"156","author":"Nash","year":"1987","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2017.01.005_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2075","DOI":"10.1002\/elps.201100283","article-title":"Barcoding of Giardia duodenalis isolates and derived lines from an established cryobank by a mutation scanning-based approach","volume":"32","author":"Nolan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Electrophoresis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2017.01.005_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02005454","article-title":"Single-dose ornidazole versus seven-day metronidazole therapy of giardiasis in Kibbutzim children in Israel","volume":"10","author":"Oren","year":"1991","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2017.01.005_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.26836-0","article-title":"Menadione kills trophozoites and cysts of Giardia intestinalis","volume":"150","author":"Paget","year":"2004","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2017.01.005_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1086\/381972","article-title":"Clinical relevance of bacteriostatic versus bactericidal mechanisms of action in the treatment of Gram-positive bacterial infections","volume":"38","author":"Pankey","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2017.01.005_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0142927","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0142927","article-title":"Aetiology-specific estimates of the global and regional incidence and mortality of diarrhoeal diseases commonly transmitted through food","volume":"10","author":"Pires","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2017.01.005_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e62906","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0062906","article-title":"The open access malaria box: a drug discovery catalyst for neglected diseases","volume":"8","author":"Spangenberg","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2017.01.005_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4643","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00384-11","article-title":"Impaired parasite attachment as fitness cost of metronidazole resistance in Giardia lamblia","volume":"55","author":"Tejman-Yarden","year":"2011","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2017.01.005_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(92)90095-T","article-title":"Induction of metronidazole and furazolidone resistance in Giardia","volume":"86","author":"Townson","year":"1992","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2017.01.005_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1159\/000077285","article-title":"Interference by anti-cancer chemotherapeutic agents in the MTT-tumor chemosensitivity assay","volume":"50","author":"Ulukaya","year":"2004","journal-title":"Chemotherapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2017.01.005_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/0001-706X(95)00100-S","article-title":"Biological and genetic analysis of a longitudinal collection of Giardia samples derived from humans","volume":"60","author":"Upcroft","year":"1995","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2017.01.005_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1810","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.45.6.1810-1814.2001","article-title":"Drug susceptibility testing of anaerobic protozoa","volume":"45","author":"Upcroft","year":"2001","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2017.01.005_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1007\/s11908-014-0396-y","article-title":"Treatment of giardiasis: current status and future directions","volume":"16","author":"Watkins","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Infect. Dis. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2017.01.005_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1177\/108705719900400206","article-title":"A\u00a0simple statistical parameter for use in evaluation and validation of high throughput screening assays","volume":"4","author":"Zhang","year":"1999","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Biomol. Screen"}],"container-title":["International Journal for Parasitology: Drugs and Drug Resistance"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2211320716301300?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2211320716301300?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T14:47:01Z","timestamp":1761922021000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2211320716301300"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,4]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,4]]}},"alternative-id":["S2211320716301300"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2017.01.005","relation":{},"ISSN":["2211-3207"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2211-3207","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"A novel in\u00a0vitro image-based assay identifies new drug leads for giardiasis","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"International Journal for Parasitology: Drugs and Drug Resistance","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2017.01.005","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of Australian Society for Parasitology.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}