{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T16:07:36Z","timestamp":1790870856846,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783641600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006111","name":"Minist\u00e9rio da Ci\u00eancia, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006111","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["411112607"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["411112607"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014013","name":"UK Research and Innovation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BB\/S014748\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BB\/S014748\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014013","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100032176","name":"Universidade Eduardo Mondlane","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100032176","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["International Journal for Parasitology: Drugs and Drug Resistance"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2026.100660","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T23:31:07Z","timestamp":1783726267000},"page":"100660","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Declining effectiveness of major anthelmintic groups against gastrointestinal nematodes of farmed ruminants in Africa based on faecal egg count reduction: systematic review and first meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"E.F.X.","family":"Guinda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3135-623X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S.M.S.","family":"Afonso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2842-8100","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J.","family":"Kr\u00fccken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G.","family":"von Samson-Himmelstjerna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5999-7728","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"E.R.","family":"Morgan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2026.100660_bib1","first-page":"232","volume":"4","author":"Abakar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Socio-economic impact of cystic echinococcosis (CE) on Agro-pastoral communities of South Darfur State, Sudan"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2026.100660_bib2","series-title":"7th Sci Cong","first-page":"148","article-title":"The effect of anthelmintic treatment on internal parasites on commonly grazed sheep, as reflected in the faecal nematode egg count in the South Darfur state of Sudan","author":"Abbakar","year":"2003"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2026.100660_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.5455\/jva.20140713052813","article-title":"Antihelminthic and anticoccidial effects of Vernonia amygdalina in goats","volume":"4","author":"Adediran","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Vet. Adv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2026.100660_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smallrumres.2025.107678","article-title":"Five point check\u00a9-based management of goat health can be self-sustainable without long-term public funding: a 5-year retrospective study of Malawi smallholdings","volume":"255","author":"Airs","year":"2026","journal-title":"Small Rumin. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2026.100660_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-023-05816-y","article-title":"Low-cost molecular methods to characterise gastrointestinal nematode co-infections of goats in Africa","volume":"16","author":"Airs","year":"2023","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2026.100660_bib7","first-page":"215","article-title":"A survey on the occurrence of resistance to anthelmintics of gastrointestinal nematodes of goats in Mozambique","volume":"69","author":"Atan\u00e1sio","year":"2002","journal-title":"Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2026.100660_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1590\/s1984-296120180093","article-title":"Anthelmintic resistance of injectable macrocyclic lactones in cattle: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"28","author":"Baiak","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Parasitol. Vet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2026.100660_bib9","first-page":"75","volume":"32","author":"Batista","year":"2022"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2026.100660_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4172\/2157-7579.1000433","article-title":"Gastrointestinal nematodes in ruminants: the parasite burden, associated risk factors and anthelmintic utilization practices in selected districts of East and Western hararghe, Ethiopia","volume":"8","author":"Belina","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Vet. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2026.100660_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-008-9237-z","article-title":"Multiple anthelmintic resistance on a goat farm in Hawassa (southern Ethiopia)","volume":"41","author":"Bersissa","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trop. Anim. Health Prod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2026.100660_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2016.02.022","article-title":"The pathophysiology, ecology and epidemiology of Haemonchus contortus infection in small ruminants","volume":"93","author":"Besier","year":"2016","journal-title":"Em Advances in Parasitology"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2026.100660_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2013.01.007","article-title":"Efficacy of albendazole, levamisole and ivermectin against gastro-intestinal nematodes in naturally infected goats at the National Semi-arid resources research institute, Serere, Uganda","volume":"195","author":"Byaruhanga","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2026.100660_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2014.03.002","article-title":"Variability of the egg hatch assay to survey benzimidazole resistance in nematodes of small ruminants under field conditions","volume":"203","author":"Calvete","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2026.100660_bib15","first-page":"31","article-title":"Multiple anthelmintics resistant Haemonchus contortus in dorper sheep imported from Republic of South Africa to Ethiopia","volume":"13","author":"Chaka","year":"2009"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2026.100660_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4017(92)90141-U","article-title":"World association for the advancement of veterinary parasitology (W.A.A.V.P.) methods for the detection of anthelmintic resistance in nematodes of veterinary importance","volume":"44","author":"Coles","year":"1992","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2026.100660_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.11.019","article-title":"The detection of anthelmintic resistance in nematodes of veterinary importance","volume":"136","author":"Coles","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2026.100660_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2010.01.032","article-title":"Adaptation and evaluation of three different in vitro tests for the detection of resistance to anthelmintics in gastro intestinal nematodes of cattle","volume":"170","author":"Demeler","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2026.100660_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.2478\/helm-2025-0014","article-title":"Contribution to the study of anthelmintic resistance of sheep gastro-intestinal strongyles on a sheep farm in the Guelma region, north-east Algeria","volume":"62","author":"Djemai","year":"2025","journal-title":"Helminthologia"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2026.100660_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-02838-7","article-title":"Anthelmintic resistance against benzimidazoles and macrocyclic lactones in strongyle populations on cattle farms in northern Germany","volume":"15","author":"Ehnert","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2026.100660_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1615","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2023.1615-1626","article-title":"Assessment of gastrointestinal nematode anthelmintic resistance and acaricidal efficacy of fluazuron-flumethrin on sheep and goat ticks in the north west province of South Africa","author":"Emsley","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vet. World"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2026.100660_bib22","volume":"62","year":"2015"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2026.100660_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1391","DOI":"10.1590\/S0100-736X2013001200001","article-title":"Resist\u00eancia anti-helm\u00edntica em nematoides gastrintestinais de pequenos ruminantes: Avan\u00e7os e limita\u00e7\u00f5es para seu diagn\u00f3stico","volume":"33","author":"Fortes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pesqui. Vet. Bras."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2026.100660_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-025-05077-0","article-title":"Anthelmintic resistance in livestock in Africa: review of the current status","volume":"21","author":"Gatitu","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Vet. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2026.100660_bib26","first-page":"117","volume":"28","author":"Getachew","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prevalence of gastrointestinal nematodes and efficacy of commonly used anthelmintics in different sheep breeds in Areka agricultural research Center, Areka, Ethiopia"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2026.100660_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e18023","article-title":"Quality of veterinary anthelmintic drugs marketed in gondar Zones, North West Ethiopia; presence of poor-quality medicines","volume":"9","author":"Getahun","year":"2023","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2026.100660_bib28","article-title":"Efficacy of fenbendazole against gastrointestinal nematodes in naturally infected goats in Maputo Province, Mozambique using in vivo, in vitro and molecular assessment","volume":"27","author":"Guinda","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol.: Drugs Drug Resist."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2026.100660_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780192895561.003.0002","article-title":"Parasites, host behavior, and their feedbacks. Em Animal Behavior and Parasitism","volume":"15","author":"Hawley","year":"2022","journal-title":"Animal Behavior and Parasitism. info:PdHnXDmH8AEJ:scholar.google.com"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2026.100660_bib30","first-page":"51","article-title":"Refugia and anthelmintic resistance: concepts and challenges","volume":"10","author":"Hodgkinson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol.: Drugs Drug Resist."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2026.100660_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2010.10.008","article-title":"Control of Endoparasitic Nematode Infections in goats","volume":"27","author":"Hoste","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. Food Anim. Pract."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2026.100660_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.558973","article-title":"Access to veterinary drugs in Sub-Saharan Africa: roadblocks and current solutions","volume":"8","author":"Jaime","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2026.100660_bib33","first-page":"393","article-title":"The efficacy of albendazole and moxidectin in the control of nematode infection in dairy cattle","volume":"60","author":"Kabaka","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2026.100660_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2023.109936","article-title":"World association for the advancement of veterinary parasitology (W.A.A.V.P.) guideline for diagnosing anthelmintic resistance using the faecal egg count reduction test in ruminants, horses and swine","volume":"318","author":"Kaplan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2026.100660_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.11.041","article-title":"Targeted flock\/herd and individual ruminant treatment approaches","volume":"186","author":"Kenyon","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2026.100660_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1080\/00480169.1983.34999","article-title":"A survey of nematode control measures used by milking goat farmers and of anthelmintic resistance on their farms","volume":"31","author":"Kettle","year":"1983","journal-title":"N. Z. Vet. J."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2026.100660_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-008-9150-5","article-title":"Effectiveness of strategic anthelmintic treatments in the control of gastrointestinal nematodes and Fasciola gigantica in cattle in Iringa region, Tanzania","volume":"41","author":"Keyyu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trop. Anim. Health Prod."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2026.100660_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1014214122167","article-title":"Efficacy of albendazole and levamisole against gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep and goats in Morogoro, Tanzania","volume":"34","author":"Keyyu","year":"2002","journal-title":"Trop. Anim. Health Prod."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2026.100660_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.137.5.124","article-title":"Anthelmintic resistance in goats in southern Thailand","volume":"137","author":"Kochapakdee","year":"1995","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2026.100660_bib40","article-title":"Faecal egg count reduction tests and nemabiome analysis reveal high frequency of multi-resistant parasites on sheep farms in north-east Germany involving multiple strongyle parasite species","volume":"25","author":"Kr\u00fccken","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol.: Drugs Drug Resist."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2026.100660_bib42","first-page":"415","article-title":"Comparative efficacy of seven brands of albendazole against naturally acquired gastrointestinal nematodes in sheep in Hawassa, southern Ethiopia","author":"Kumsa","year":"2010","journal-title":"Turk. J. Vet. Anim. Sci."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2026.100660_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-008-9237-z","article-title":"Multiple anthelmintic resistance on a goat farm in Hawassa (southern Ethiopia)","volume":"41","author":"Kumsa","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trop. Anim. Health Prod."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2026.100660_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-006-0130-2","article-title":"Anthelmintic resistance in trichostrongylid nematodes of sheep farms in northwest Spain","volume":"99","author":"\u00c1lvarez-S\u00e1nchez","year":"2006","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2026.100660_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1020291531858","article-title":"Effects of three anthelmintic treatment regimes against Fasciola and nematodes on the performance of ewes and lambs on pasture in the highlands of Kenya","volume":"26","author":"Maingi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vet. Res. Commun."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2026.100660_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.1989.tb13578.x","article-title":"Detecting benzimidazole resistance with faecal egg count reduction tests and in vitro assays","volume":"66","author":"Martin","year":"1989","journal-title":"Aust. Vet. J."},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2026.100660_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2012.08.009","article-title":"The present status of anthelmintic resistance in gastrointestinal nematode infections of sheep in the northwest of Spain by in vivo and in vitro techniques","volume":"191","author":"Mart\u00ednez-Valladares","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2026.100660_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-024-04232-3","article-title":"Practices and efficacy of nematode control in sheep, goats and cattle in communal grazing settings of central Ethiopia","volume":"56","author":"Maurizio","year":"2024","journal-title":"Trop. Anim. Health Prod."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2026.100660_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-025-08532-x","article-title":"Anthelmintic resistance in gastrointestinal nematodes on communally reared sheep farms of the king sabata dalindyebo municipality, South Africa","volume":"124","author":"Mavundela","year":"2025","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2026.100660_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0301554","article-title":"First evaluation and detection of ivermectin resistance in gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep and goats in South Darfur, Sudan","volume":"19","author":"Mohammedsalih","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2026.100660_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-019-1937-2","article-title":"Epidemiology of strongyle nematode infections and first report of benzimidazole resistance in Haemonchus contortus in goats in South Darfur state, Sudan","volume":"15","author":"Mohammedsalih","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Vet. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2026.100660_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-021-04593-w","article-title":"Susceptible trichostrongyloid species mask presence of benzimidazole-resistant Haemonchus contortus in cattle","volume":"14","author":"Mohammedsalih","year":"2021","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2026.100660_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000097","article-title":"Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement","volume":"6","author":"Moher","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2026.100660_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsu.2010.02.007","article-title":"Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement","volume":"8","author":"Moher","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Surg."},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2026.100660_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2009.03.031","article-title":"Frequency of treatment and production performance using the FAMACHA method compared with preventive control in ewes","volume":"162","author":"Molento","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2026.100660_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1590\/S0103-84782004000400027","article-title":"M\u00e9todo Famacha como par\u00e2metro cl\u00ednico individual de infec\u00e7\u00e3o por Haemonchus contortus em pequenos ruminantes","volume":"34","author":"Molento","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ci\u00eancia Rural."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2026.100660_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2022017","article-title":"Confounding factors affecting faecal egg count reduction as a measure of anthelmintic efficacy","volume":"29","author":"Morgan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Parasite"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2026.100660_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2021.302-313","article-title":"Anthelmintic resistance and prevalence of gastrointestinal nematodes infecting sheep in Limpopo Province, South Africa","volume":"14","author":"Mphahlele","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet. World"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2026.100660_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4017(95)00794-1","article-title":"Evidence for multiple anthelmintic resistance in sheep and goats reared under the same management in coastal Kenya","volume":"60","author":"Mwamachi","year":"1995","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2026.100660_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2014.07.019","article-title":"Anthelmintic resistance in gastrointestinal nematodes in goats and evaluation of FAMACHA diagnostic marker in Uganda","volume":"205","author":"Nabukenya","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2026.100660_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-025-04893-8","article-title":"Perceptions on anthelmintic use and resistance development in goats under communal production systems","volume":"21","author":"Ndwandwe","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Vet. Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2026.100660_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1409","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25031409","article-title":"Mucosal immunity of major gastrointestinal nematode infections in small ruminants can be harnessed to develop new prevention strategies","volume":"25","author":"Palkumbura","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2026.100660_bib61","series-title":"Resistance in Nematodes to Anthelmintic Drugs","first-page":"13","author":"President","year":"1985"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2026.100660_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-6-153","article-title":"Impact of gastrointestinal parasitic nematodes of sheep, and the role of advanced molecular tools for exploring epidemiology and drug resistance\u2014An Australian perspective","volume":"6","author":"Roeber","year":"2013","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2026.100660_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.102982","article-title":"Widespread anthelmintic resistance in European farmed ruminants: a systematic review","volume":"176","author":"Rose","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2026.100660_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2020062","article-title":"Increasing importance of anthelmintic resistance in European livestock: creation and meta-analysis of an open database","volume":"27","author":"Rose Vineer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Parasite"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2026.100660_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7519(93)90162-R","article-title":"An in vitro assay utilising parasitic larval Haemonchus contortus to detect resistance to closantel and other anthelmintics","volume":"23","author":"Rothwell","year":"1993","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2026.100660_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2020.105225","article-title":"Conjunctival mucous membrane colour as an indicator for the targeted selective treatment of haemonchosis and of the general health status of peri-urban smallholder goats in southern Malawi","volume":"186","author":"Sargison","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2026.100660_bib67","article-title":"ROBINS-I: a tool for assessing risk of bias in non-randomised studies of interventions","volume":"i4919","author":"Sterne","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2026.100660_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1599","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13101599","article-title":"The economic impact of parasitism from nematodes, trematodes and ticks on beef cattle production","volume":"13","author":"Strydom","year":"2023","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2026.100660_bib69","article-title":"Future climate change is projected to predominantly suppress the transmission potential of the small ruminant parasite Haemonchus contortus in Africa","author":"Tinsley","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2026.100660_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-012-0285-z","article-title":"Prevalence of gastrointestinal helminths and anthelmintic resistance on small-scale farms in Gauteng Province, South Africa","volume":"45","author":"Tsotetsi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trop. Anim. Health Prod."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2026.100660_bib71","first-page":"55","article-title":"Refugia\u2014overlooked as perhaps the most potent factor concerning the development of anthelmintic resistance","volume":"68","author":"van Wyk","year":"2001","journal-title":"Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2026.100660_bib72","first-page":"55","article-title":"Refugia\u2014overlooked as perhaps the most potent factor concerning the development of anthelmintic resistance","volume":"68","author":"van Wyk","year":"2001","journal-title":"Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2026.100660_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2006.04.023","article-title":"Targeted selective treatment for worm management\u2014How do we sell rational programs to farmers?","volume":"139","author":"van Wyk","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2026.100660_bib74","first-page":"273","article-title":"Anthelmintic resistance in South Africa: surveys indicate an extremely serious situation in sheep and goat farming","volume":"66","author":"Van Wyk","year":"1999","journal-title":"Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2026.100660_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.123.9.226","article-title":"Resistance of field strains of Haemonchus contortus to ivermectin, closantel, rafoxanide and the benzimidazoles in South Africa","volume":"123","author":"van Wyk","year":"1988","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2026.100660_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-009-1466-1","article-title":"Standardization of the egg hatch test for the detection of benzimidazole resistance in parasitic nematodes","volume":"105","author":"von Samson-Himmelstjerna","year":"2009","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2026.100660_bib77","first-page":"1","article-title":"Mixed methods evaluation of targeted selective anthelmintic treatment by resource-poor smallholder goat farmers in Botswana","volume":"214","author":"Walker","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2026.100660_bib78","first-page":"131","volume":"2","year":"2005","journal-title":"Haemonchus contortus: Parasite problem No. 1 from Tropics-Polar Circle. Problems and prospects for control based on epidemiology"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2026.100660_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-5877(95)00502-1","article-title":"Anthelmintic resistance amongst sheep and goats in Kenya","volume":"25","author":"Wanyangu","year":"1996","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2026.100660_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(97)00195-7","article-title":"Multiple anthelmintic resistance on a goat farm in Kenya","volume":"75","author":"Waruiru","year":"1998","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2026.100660_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/4025902","article-title":"Anthelmintic drug resistance of gastrointestinal nematodes of naturally infected goats in haramaya, Ethiopia","author":"Wondimu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2026.100660_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2016.05.015","article-title":"Breeding for resistance to gastrointestinal nematodes \u2013 the potential in low-input\/output small ruminant production systems","volume":"225","author":"Zvinorova","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."}],"container-title":["International Journal for Parasitology: Drugs and Drug Resistance"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2211320726000308?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2211320726000308?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T15:40:12Z","timestamp":1788450012000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2211320726000308"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"references-count":81,"alternative-id":["S2211320726000308"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2026.100660","relation":{},"ISSN":["2211-3207"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2211-3207","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Declining effectiveness of major anthelmintic groups against gastrointestinal nematodes of farmed ruminants in Africa based on faecal egg count reduction: systematic review and first meta-analysis","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"International Journal for Parasitology: Drugs and Drug Resistance","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2026.100660","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of Australian Society for Parasitology.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"100660"}}