{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T15:53:35Z","timestamp":1782316415759,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,1]],"date-time":"2021-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614556800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,1]],"date-time":"2021-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614556800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["International Journal of Paleopathology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2020.10.007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,13]],"date-time":"2020-11-13T02:39:04Z","timestamp":1605235144000},"page":"9-16","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"special_numbering":"C","title":["The Skinner Burial of Ontario, Canada, and the Question of Paget\u2019s Disease in the Americas"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Michael W.","family":"Spence","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William A.","family":"Fox","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janet","family":"Gardner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Beauchesne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2020.10.007_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-004-1188-6","article-title":"Leontiasis ossea in a patient with hyperparathyroidism secondary to chronic renal failure","volume":"34","author":"Aggunlu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pediatr. Radiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2020.10.007_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2018.05.005","article-title":"Paget\u2019s disease of bone","volume":"32","author":"Appelman-Dijkstra","year":"2018","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res., Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2020.10.007_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2014.07.003","article-title":"Increasing confidence in paleopathological diagnosis\u2013Application of the Istanbul terminological framework","volume":"8","author":"Appleby","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Paleopathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2020.10.007_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.12659\/PJR.893425","article-title":"CT and MR imaging in a large series of patients with craniofacial fibrous dysplasia","volume":"80","author":"Atalar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pol. J. Radiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2020.10.007_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1086\/203143","article-title":"A fossilized calotte with prominent browridges from Lagoa Santa","volume":"25","author":"Beattie","year":"1984","journal-title":"Brazil. Curr. Anthropol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2020.10.007_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMicm0912945","article-title":"Cotton wool\u201d appearance of Paget\u2019s disease","volume":"363","author":"Bhargava","year":"2010","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2020.10.007_bib0035","series-title":"Standards for Data Collection from Human Skeletal Remains. Arkansas Archaeological Survey Research Series 44","year":"1994"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2020.10.007_bib0040","series-title":"Orthopaedic Pathology","author":"Bullough","year":"2004"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2020.10.007_bib0045","series-title":"Poster presented at the 85th Annual Meeting","article-title":"More than meets the eye: Paget\u2019s disease within archaeological remains","author":"Burrell","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2020.10.007_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/1750-1172-3-17","volume":"3","author":"Chanson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acromegaly. Orphanet J. Rare Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2020.10.007_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2012.04.008","article-title":"Leontiasis ossea: a presentation of hyperthyroidism in an Indigenous Australian man secondary to chronic renal failure","volume":"71","author":"Collum","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Oral. Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2020.10.007_bib0060","first-page":"41","article-title":"Paget\u2019s disease and treponematosis in prehistoric Midwestern Indians: The case for misdiagnosis","volume":"7","author":"Cook","year":"1980","journal-title":"Ossa"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2020.10.007_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2017.06.010","article-title":"Paget\u2019s disease of bone","volume":"80","author":"Cundy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Metab., Clin. Exp."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2020.10.007_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.22753","article-title":"Diagnostic dry bone histology in human paleopathology","volume":"29","author":"de Boer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Anat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2020.10.007_bib0075","first-page":"54","article-title":"Leontiasis ossea following secondary hyperparathyroidism and hemodialysis","volume":"3","author":"Dehghan","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Biosci. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2020.10.007_bib0080","series-title":"Southwestern Region Archaeological Survey 1977; Recommendations and Planning Directions. Report to the Ministry of Culture and Recreation","author":"Fox","year":"1977"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2020.10.007_bib0085","series-title":"Poster presented at the 32nd Annual Meeting of the Paleopathology Association","article-title":"Identification of Paget\u2019s disease in a prehistoric specimen from Ontario, Canada","author":"Gardner","year":"2005"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2020.10.007_bib0090","series-title":"The Younge Site: An Archaeological Record from Michigan","author":"Greenman","year":"1937"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2020.10.007_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjoto.2014.08.007","article-title":"Uremic leontiasis ossea","volume":"36","author":"Haroyan","year":"2015","journal-title":"American Journal of Otolaryngology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2020.10.007_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1865","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.317115093","article-title":"Sclerosing bone dysplasias: Review and differentiation from other causes of osteosclerosis","volume":"31","author":"Ihde","year":"2011","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2020.10.007_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2018.08.005","article-title":"A microscopic evaluation of Paget\u2019s disease of bone from a Byzantine monastic crypt in Jordan","volume":"24","author":"Kesterke","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Paleopathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2020.10.007_bib0110","first-page":"114","article-title":"Enfermedad de Paget en un individuo prehisp\u00e1nico del delta del Paran\u00e1, confirmado por examen histol\u00f3gico y dataci\u00f3n radiocarb\u00f3nica","volume":"1","author":"Kozameh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cuadernos del Instituto Nacional de Antropolog\u00eda y Pensamiento Latinoamericano"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2020.10.007_bib0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.29.5.562-a","article-title":"Paget\u2019s disease in population samples","volume":"29","author":"Lawrence","year":"1970","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2020.10.007_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330680105","article-title":"Dental wear in the Libben population: its functional pattern and role in the determination of adult skeletal age at death","volume":"68","author":"Lovejoy","year":"1985","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Anthropol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2020.10.007_bib0125","article-title":"A Biocultural Analysis of an Early Late Woodland Population is Southeastern Michigan","volume":"4","author":"Lozanoff","year":"1975","journal-title":"Toledo Area Aboriginal Research Bulletin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2020.10.007_bib0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1097\/RHU.0b013e318156dd1a","article-title":"Leontiasis ossea: a paleopathologic case report","volume":"13","author":"Mansilla-Lory","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2020.10.007_bib0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/0049-0172(94)90038-8","article-title":"Paget\u2019s disease: The South American experience","volume":"23","author":"Mautalen","year":"1994","journal-title":"Semin. Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2020.10.007_bib0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1839","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.64","article-title":"Archaeological skeletons support a northwest European origin for Paget\u2019s disease of bone","volume":"25","author":"Mays","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2020.10.007_bib0145","first-page":"14","article-title":"Contact between native North Americans and the Medieval Norse","volume":"49","author":"McGee","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am. Antiq."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2020.10.007_bib0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.an.19.100190.001555","article-title":"The archaeology of the Norse North Atlantic","volume":"19","author":"McGovern","year":"1990","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Anthropol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2020.10.007_bib0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2558","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra062453","article-title":"Acromegaly","volume":"355","author":"Melmed","year":"2006","journal-title":"New Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2020.10.007_bib0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reuma.2016.02.008","article-title":"Paget\u2019s disease of bone: approach to its historical origins","volume":"13","author":"Men\u00e9ndez-Bueyes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Reumatol. Cl\u00edn."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2020.10.007_bib0165","series-title":"The Archaeology of Southern Ontario to A.D. 1650. Occasional Publication of the London Chapter, Ontario Archaeological Society, Number 5. London","first-page":"189","article-title":"The Late Woodland Western Basin tradition of southwestern Ontario","author":"Murphy","year":"1990"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2020.10.007_bib0170","series-title":"Identification of Pathological Conditions in Human Skeletal Remains","author":"Ortner","year":"1985"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2020.10.007_bib0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1017\/aaq.2018.74","article-title":"New evidence of the earliest domestic dogs in the Americas","volume":"84","author":"Perri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. Antiq."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2020.10.007_bib0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1002\/oa.1043","article-title":"Paget\u2019s disease in pre-contact Florida? Revisiting the Briarwoods site in Gulf Coast Florida","volume":"20","author":"Pinto","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Osteoarchaeol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2020.10.007_bib0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2017.10.007","article-title":"Juvenile Paget disease","volume":"80","author":"Polyzos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2020.10.007_bib0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aanat.2011.05.004","article-title":"Etiopathogenesis of hyperostosis frontalis interna: A mystery still","volume":"193","author":"Raikos","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann. Anat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2020.10.007_bib0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.berh.2007.11.005","article-title":"Juvenile Paget\u2019s disease, familial expansile osteolysis and other genetic osteolytic disorders","volume":"22","author":"Ralston","year":"2008","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2020.10.007_bib0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1002\/oa.617","article-title":"Microscopic evidence for Paget\u2019s disease in two osteoarchaeological samples from early northern France","volume":"12","author":"Roches","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Osteoarchaeol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2020.10.007_bib0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2017.11.003","article-title":"A case of Paget from a northern Italy medieval necropolis","volume":"20","author":"Rossetti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. of Paleopathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2020.10.007_bib0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1501","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.1868","article-title":"Juvenile Paget\u2019s disease in an Iranian kindred with vitamin D deficiency and novel homozygous TNFRSF11B mutation","volume":"28","author":"Saki","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2020.10.007_bib0215","series-title":"Developmental Juvenile Osteology","author":"Scheuer","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2020.10.007_bib0220","series-title":"Late Woodland Societies: Tradition and Transformation across the Midcontinent.","first-page":"583","article-title":"The Late Woodland period in southern Ohio: basic issues and prospects","author":"Seeman","year":"2000"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2020.10.007_bib0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mpmed.2013.07.011","article-title":"Paget\u2019s disease","volume":"41","author":"Selby","year":"2013","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2020.10.007_bib0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.4103\/0976-237X.114858","article-title":"Paget disease of bone: a classic case report","volume":"4","author":"Shankar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Contemp. Clin. Dent."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2020.10.007_bib0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10463","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1820556116","article-title":"Molecular insights into an ancient form of Paget\u2019s disease of bone","volume":"116","author":"Shaw","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2020.10.007_bib0240","first-page":"206","article-title":"Hyperostosis frontalis interna: Case report and review of literature","volume":"34","author":"She","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Lab. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2020.10.007_bib0245","first-page":"6","article-title":"Mortuary programmes of the Early Ontario Iroquoians","volume":"58","author":"Spence","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ontario Archaeology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2020.10.007_bib0250","first-page":"61","article-title":"Mortuary practices and the social adjustment to village life at the Younge Phase Bingo Village","volume":"97","author":"Spence","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ontario Archaeology"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2020.10.007_bib0255","first-page":"1","article-title":"Treponemal infection in a Western Basin community","volume":"10","author":"Spence","year":"2010","journal-title":"Kewa"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2020.10.007_bib0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1007\/s002560050456","article-title":"Computed tomography of Paget disease of the skull versus fibrous dysplasia","volume":"27","author":"Tehranzadeh","year":"1998","journal-title":"Skeletal Radiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2020.10.007_bib0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1002\/oa.1111","article-title":"CT and micro-CT analysis of a case of Paget\u2019s disease (osteitis deformans) in the Grant collection","volume":"21","author":"Wade","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Osteoarchaeol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2020.10.007_bib0270","series-title":"Palaeopathology","author":"Waldron","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2020.10.007_bib0275","series-title":"Bones of the Ancestors: the Archaeology and Osteobiography of the Moatfield Ossuary. Canadian Museum of Civilization Mercury Series Archaeology Paper 163, Hull","first-page":"89","article-title":"A history of Iroquoian burial practice","author":"Williamson","year":"2003"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Paleopathology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S187998172030053X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S187998172030053X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T10:38:49Z","timestamp":1761820729000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S187998172030053X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"references-count":55,"alternative-id":["S187998172030053X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijpp.2020.10.007","relation":{},"ISSN":["1879-9817"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1879-9817","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"The Skinner Burial of Ontario, Canada, and the Question of Paget\u2019s Disease in the Americas","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"International Journal of Paleopathology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijpp.2020.10.007","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}