{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T05:42:00Z","timestamp":1785476520996,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":115,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,1]],"date-time":"2024-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709251200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,1]],"date-time":"2024-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709251200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,21]],"date-time":"2023-12-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1703116800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["International Journal of Paleopathology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2023.12.002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,30]],"date-time":"2023-12-30T02:00:56Z","timestamp":1703901656000},"page":"65-77","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Guidance for the identification of bony lesions related to smallpox"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"Rosie R.","family":"Crawford","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claire M.","family":"Hodson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Errickson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2023.12.002_bib1","first-page":"51","article-title":"\u2018Tubercular Osteomyelitis Clavicle: A Case Report\u2019","volume":"4","author":"Agarwal","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Case Rep."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2023.12.002_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1302\/2058-5241.5.190088","article-title":"The growth plate: a physiologic overview","volume":"5","author":"A\u011f\u0131rdil","year":"2020","journal-title":"EFORT Open Rev."},{"issue":"Supplement 2","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2023.12.002_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2004.09.004","article-title":"Smallpox: a disease and a weapon","volume":"8","author":"Alibeck","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2023.12.002_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1002\/oa.1390020204","article-title":"The rhinomaxillary syndrome in leprosy: a clinical, radiological and palaeopathological study","volume":"2","author":"Anderson","year":"1992","journal-title":"Int. J. Osteoarchaeol."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2023.12.002_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-009-1272-1","article-title":"Osteomyelitis variolosa","volume":"31","author":"Andrews","year":"2011","journal-title":"Rheumatol. Int."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2023.12.002_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1177\/230949900801600318","article-title":"Osteomyelitis variolosa: a report of two cases","volume":"16","author":"Arora","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Surg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2023.12.002_bib7","series-title":"The Cambridge Encyclopaedia of Human Palaeopathology","author":"Aufderheide","year":"1998"},{"issue":"48","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2023.12.002_bib8","first-page":"1","article-title":"\u2018Rheumatoid Arthritis in the View of Osteoimmunology\u2019","volume":"11","author":"Aur\u00e9al","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2023.12.002_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.3390\/v7031100","article-title":"The origin of the Variola virus","volume":"7","author":"Babkin","year":"2015","journal-title":"viruses"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2023.12.002_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.CC.N.00194","article-title":"Compressive Ulnar Neuropathy Due to a Ganglion Cyst and Thickened Cubital Tunnel Retinaculum Fifty Years After Osteomyelitis Variolosa of the Elbow","volume":"5","author":"Balachandar","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Bone Jt. Surg."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2023.12.002_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1177\/230949901101900128","article-title":"Osteomyelitis variolosa: a case report","volume":"19","author":"Balaji","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Surg."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2023.12.002_bib12","first-page":"322","article-title":"\u2018Clinical observations on variola\u2019","volume":"11","author":"Bancroft","year":"1904","journal-title":"J. Med. Res."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2023.12.002_bib13","first-page":"244","article-title":"\u2018Pyogenic Arthritis and Osteomyelitis Following Smallpox: A Report of 21 Cases\u2019","volume":"87","author":"Banerjee","year":"1952","journal-title":"Indian Med. Gaz."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2023.12.002_bib14","first-page":"1","article-title":"\u2018Essai d\u2032une nouvelle analyse de la mortalit\u00e9 caus\u00e9e par la petite v\u00e9role, et des avantages de l\u2032inoculation pour la pr\u00e9venir\u2019","volume":"1760","author":"Bernoulli","year":"1766","journal-title":"M\u00e9m. De. l\u2032Acad. Roy. Des. Sci. De. I\u2032Ann\u00e9e"},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2023.12.002_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2057","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc1208124","article-title":"\u2018Variola virus in a 300-year-old Siberian mummy\u2019","volume":"367","author":"Biagini","year":"2012","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2023.12.002_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthpol.2004.06.001","article-title":"Postpolio syndrome: a challenge to the health-care system","volume":"71","author":"Bouza","year":"2005","journal-title":"Health Policy"},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2023.12.002_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1414","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1923.02650170012004","article-title":"Osteomyelitis variolosa","volume":"81","author":"Brown","year":"1923","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2023.12.002_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.20717","article-title":"Epiphyseal union at the innominate and lower limb in a modern Portuguese skeletal sample, and age estimation in adolescent and young adult male and female skeletons","volume":"135","author":"Cardoso","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Anthropol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2023.12.002_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2021.580314","article-title":"Evaluation of Bone Age in Children: A Mini-Review","volume":"9","author":"Cavallo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Paediatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2023.12.002_bib20","unstructured":"Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2023) \u20182022\u201323 Global Map & Case Count\u2019, MPox, available at: \u3008https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/poxvirus\/mpox\/response\/2022\/world-map.html\u3009 (Accessed 10 November 2023)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2023.12.002_bib21","unstructured":"Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2018) \u2018Bioterrorism Agents\/Diseases\u2019, Emergency Preparedness and Response, available at: https:\/\/emergency.cdc.gov\/agent\/agentlist-category.asp\u00a0(Accessed: 26 March 2023)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2023.12.002_bib22","unstructured":"Chiari, H. (1893) \u2018Ueber Osteomyelitis variolosa\u2019, Beitr. z. path. Anat. u. z. allg. Path. 13, pp:13\u201331."},{"issue":"107","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2023.12.002_bib23","first-page":"369","article-title":"\u2018Osteomyelitis variolosa\u2019","volume":"27","author":"Cockshott","year":"1958","journal-title":"Q J. Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2023.12.002_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/S0368-2242(59)80062-2","article-title":"Natural history of osteomyelitis variolosa","volume":"10","author":"Cockshott","year":"1959","journal-title":"J. Fac. Radiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2023.12.002_bib25","unstructured":"Colleter, R. (2021) \u2018Archaeology of disability and social inequalities at the convent of the Jacobins of Rennes (XIII E-XVIII th centuries)\u2019, Les Nouvelles de l\u2032arch\u00e9ologie."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2023.12.002_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.20683","article-title":"Infracranial maturation in the skeletal collection from Coimbra, Portugal: New aging standards for epiphyseal union","volume":"134","author":"Coqueugniot","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Anthropol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2023.12.002_bib27","unstructured":"Coqueugniot, H. Demangeot, C. Peressinotto, D. Dutour, O. (2022) \u2018Microarchitectural and 3D analysis of a new paleopathological case of smallpox (Aubeterre- Sur-Dronne, Charente, 11th-19th centuries) [abstract]. In: 23rd Paleopathology Association European Meeting; August 2022; Vilinus, Lithuania. Vilinus University Press 2022."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2023.12.002_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamahealthforum.2022.1809","article-title":"The Costs of Long COVID","volume":"3","author":"Cutler","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Health Forum"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2023.12.002_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2013.05.008","article-title":"Osteomyelitis variolosa: A probable mediaeval case combined with unilateral sacroiliitis","volume":"3","author":"Darton","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Palaeopathology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2023.12.002_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.45B4.687","article-title":"Osteomyelitis Variolosa\u2019","volume":"45 B","author":"Davidson","year":"1963","journal-title":"J. Bone Jt. Surg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2023.12.002_bib31","first-page":"299","article-title":"Smallpox and the double decrement table: A piece of actuarial prehistory","volume":"106","author":"Daw","year":"1979","journal-title":"JIA"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2023.12.002_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7030","DOI":"10.4081\/or.2017.7030","article-title":"Radiographic Evaluation of Common Pediatric Elbow Injuries","volume":"9","author":"DeFroda","year":"2017","journal-title":"Orthop. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2023.12.002_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-5413.93684","article-title":"Tuberculosis of the elbow: A clinicoradiological analysis","volume":"46","author":"Dhillon","year":"2012","journal-title":"Indian J. Orthop."},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2023.12.002_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2016.10.061","article-title":"17th Century Variola Virus Reveals the Recent History of Smallpox","volume":"26","author":"Duggan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Biol.: CB"},{"issue":"208","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2023.12.002_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.39.208.591","article-title":"Bone lesions due to Smallpox","volume":"39","author":"Eekels","year":"1964","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child."},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2023.12.002_bib36","article-title":"\u2018The normal development of the ossific centres during infancy and childhood\u2019","volume":"33","author":"Elgenmark","year":"1946","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr. Scand."},{"issue":"7111","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2023.12.002_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(59)91528-4","article-title":"Vaccinial Osteomyelitis","volume":"274","author":"Elliot","year":"1959","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2023.12.002_bib38","unstructured":"Food and Drug Administration (FDA). (2018) \u2018Smallpox\u2019, Vaccines, available at: https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/vaccines-blood-biologics\/vaccines\/smallpox, accessed: 18 August 2023."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2023.12.002_bib39","article-title":"\u2018mpox associated acute arthritis","volume":"4","author":"Fonti","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Rheumatol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2023.12.002_bib40","article-title":"Analysis of variola virus molecular evolution suggests an old origin of the virus consistent with historical records","volume":"9","author":"Forni","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microb. Genom."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2023.12.002_bib41","first-page":"45","article-title":"\u2018Radiographic standards for postnatal ossification and tooth calcification\u2019","volume":"43","author":"Garn","year":"1967","journal-title":"Med. Radiogr. Photogr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2023.12.002_bib42","first-page":"371","article-title":"\u2018Leprosy-Related Chronic Arthritis with an Abundance of Mycobacterium Leprae in the Synovial Fluid: A Rare Case\u2019","volume":"14","author":"Gunawan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. Med. case Rep. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2023.12.002_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1673.1973.tb01436.x","article-title":"Roentgen features of skeletal involvement in smallpox\u2019","volume":"17","author":"Gupta","year":"1973","journal-title":"Australas. Radiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2023.12.002_bib44","unstructured":"Hall, A. and Ponce, P. (2019) \u2018The evidence of smallpox in the archaeological record: A case from the Saxon site of Soham, Cambridgeshire\u2019 (poster), Department of Archaeology, University of York."},{"issue":"596","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2023.12.002_bib45","first-page":"610","article-title":"An Estimate of the Degrees of Mortality of Mankind drawn from curious Tables of the Births and Funerals at the City of Breslaw","volume":"17","author":"Halley","year":"1693","journal-title":"Philos. Trans."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2023.12.002_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20130553","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2013.0553","article-title":"\u2018Evolution in action: climate change, biodiversity dynamics and emerging infectious disease\u2019","volume":"370","author":"Hoberg","year":"2015","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2023.12.002_bib47","unstructured":"Hodson, C.M. (2022) \u2018Child Skeletal Recording Form\u2019, Figshare, Figure. available at: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.6084\/m9.figshare.19794028.v1 (accessed: 3 April 2023)."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2023.12.002_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1926.02680050005002","article-title":"Osteomyelitis variolosa report of a case observed during the acute stage","volume":"87","author":"Huenekens","year":"1926","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2023.12.002_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/S1058-2746(97)90068-9","article-title":"Total elbow anthroplasty for flail and unstable elbows\u2019","volume":"6","author":"Inglis","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Shoulder Elb. Surg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2023.12.002_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330600112","article-title":"Osteological Evidence for Smallpox: A Possible Case From Seventeenth Century Ontario","volume":"60","author":"Jackes","year":"1983","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Anthropol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2023.12.002_bib51","first-page":"191","article-title":"\u2018Osteomyelitis variolosa\u2019","volume":"53","author":"Jaffari","year":"1969","journal-title":"J. Ind. Med. Ass"},{"issue":"2019","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2023.12.002_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcot.2018.08.005","article-title":"Osteomyelitis variolosa: Forgotten complication of an eradicated disease","volume":"10","author":"Khurana","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Orthop. Trauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2023.12.002_bib53","first-page":"169","volume":"38","author":"Kini","year":"1941","journal-title":"Antiseptic"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2023.12.002_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0029-1193211","volume":"1","author":"Kolaczek","year":"1875","journal-title":"Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2023.12.002_bib55","series-title":"Smallpox: The Fight to Eradicate a Global Scourge","author":"Koplow","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2023.12.002_bib56","series-title":"Smallpox: a history","author":"Kotar","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2023.12.002_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcot.2021.05.013","article-title":"The flail elbow: Every surgeon\u2019s nightmare","volume":"19","author":"Kumar","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Orthop. Trauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2023.12.002_bib58","series-title":"Palaeopathology of Children","first-page":"151","article-title":"Infectious Diseases II: Infections of Specific Origin\u2019","author":"Lewis","year":"2018"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2023.12.002_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.2307\/293979","article-title":"Galen and the Antonine Plague","volume":"94","author":"Littman","year":"1973","journal-title":"Am. J. Philol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2023.12.002_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbspin.2022.105492","article-title":"Arthritis due to mpox virus: A case report\u2019","volume":"90","author":"Lomb\u00e8s","year":"2023","journal-title":"Jt. Bone Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2023.12.002_bib61","article-title":"More than 50 long-term effects of COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"11","author":"Lopez-Leon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2023.12.002_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e952","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/usaa084","article-title":"Reevaluating the Risk of Smallpox Reemergence","volume":"185","author":"MacIntyre","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mil. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2023.12.002_bib63","series-title":"Plague and the End of Antiquity: The Pandemic of 541\u2013750","first-page":"171","article-title":"Plague in Seventh-Century England","author":"Maddicott","year":"2006"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2023.12.002_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1093\/past\/156.1.7","article-title":"Plague in Seventh-Century England","volume":"156","author":"Maddicott","year":"1997","journal-title":"Present"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2023.12.002_bib65","unstructured":"Magalh\u00e3es, B.M. Santos, F.T. Alves Pereira, P. Lee de Jesus, R. Ramos Gaspar, R. Santos, A.L. (2021) \u2018Smallpox in past Portuguese populations: three possible examples of osteomyelitis variolosa from Sarilhos Grandes (adult female) and Sert\u00e3 (two ulnae)\u2019, [abstract]. In: 7th Portuguese Conference on Palaeopathology; September 2021; \u00c9vora, Portugal; Universidade de Coimbra. Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Antropologia e Sa\u00fade 2021."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2023.12.002_bib66","unstructured":"Mann. R.W. and Murphy, S.P. (1990) Regional Atlas of Bone Disease: A Guide to Pathologic and Normal Variation in the Human Skeleton, C.C. Thomas: Springfield."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2023.12.002_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00347407","article-title":"Case Report 58","volume":"2","author":"Margolis","year":"1978","journal-title":"Skelet. Radiol."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2023.12.002_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1817","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2021.09.015","article-title":"Variola virus DNA in skeletal remains, 17th to 18th centuries southeastern France","volume":"27","author":"Meffray","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2023.12.002_bib69","first-page":"48","article-title":"\u2018Arthritis as a complication of smallpox\u2019","volume":"63","author":"Mehta","year":"1927","journal-title":"Indian Med. Gaz."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2023.12.002_bib70","unstructured":"Miles, A. Powers, N. Wroe-Brown, R. Walker, D. (2008) St Marylebone Church and burial ground in the 18th and 19th centuries: excavations at St Marylebone School, 1992 and 2004\u20136, MoLAS Monogr Ser 46, London."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2023.12.002_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2011.11-0062","article-title":"In recognition and diagnosis of yaws in children in Papua New Guinea","volume":"85","author":"Mitj\u00e0","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"issue":"253","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2023.12.002_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02751861","article-title":"\u2018Osteomyelitis variolosa simulating achondroplasia\u2019","volume":"36","author":"Mohindra","year":"1969","journal-title":"Indian J. Pediatr."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2023.12.002_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.2174\/1874325001509010114","article-title":"Excellent functionality despite clinic-radiological deformity in Osteomyelitis Variolosa \u2013 A Case Report","volume":"9","author":"Mugalur","year":"2015","journal-title":"Open Orthop. J."},{"issue":"6502","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2023.12.002_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaw8977","article-title":"Diverse variola virus (smallpox) strains were widespread in northern Europe in the Viking Age","volume":"39","author":"M\u00fchlemann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"32","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2023.12.002_bib75","first-page":"3425","article-title":"\u2018Sequelae of Osteomyelitis variolosa: a case report\u2019","volume":"2012","author":"Nema","year":"2011","journal-title":"Rheumatol. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2023.12.002_bib76","article-title":"Cases of Bone Disease After Smallpox in Young Children","volume":"609","author":"Neve","year":"1887","journal-title":"Lancet, ii"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2023.12.002_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1017\/S1047759422000290","article-title":"Smallpox's antiquity in doubt","volume":"35","author":"Newfield","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Rom. Archaeol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2023.12.002_bib78","article-title":"\u201cRE: Diverse variola virus (smallpox) strains were widespread in northern Europe in the Viking Age","volume":"369","author":"Newfield","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2023.12.002_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"em2108","DOI":"10.30935\/ejmets\/10911","article-title":"\u2018mpox: A Neglected Viral Zoonotic Disease","volume":"14","author":"Oladoye","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Educ. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2023.12.002_bib80","series-title":"Identification of Pathological Conditions in Human Skeletal Remains","author":"Ortner","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2023.12.002_bib81","series-title":"Plague: Epidemics and Societies","article-title":"\u2018Evidence of acute infectious disease in human skeletal palaeopathology\u2019","author":"Ortner","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2023.12.002_bib82","series-title":"Advances in Human Palaeopathology","first-page":"191","article-title":"\u2018Differential Diagnosis of Skeletal Lesions in Infectious Disease\u2019","author":"Ortner","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2023.12.002_bib83","series-title":"Identification of pathological conditions in human skeletal remains","author":"Ortner","year":"1981"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2023.12.002_bib84","unstructured":"Philbrick, K.J. (2014) Epidemic Smallpox, Roman Demography, and the Rapid Growth of Early Christianity, 160CE to 310CE, Undergraduate Dissertation Columbia University, available at: https:\/\/asit-prod-web1.cc.columbia.edu\/historydept\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2017\/07\/Kenneth-Philbrick.pdf. (Accessed: 22 September 2021)."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2023.12.002_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0029-1214160","article-title":"Radiographic Imaging in Osteomyelitis: The Role of Plain Radiography, Computed Tomography, Ultrasonography, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, and Scintigraphy","volume":"23","author":"Pineda","year":"2009","journal-title":"Semin. Plast. Surg."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2023.12.002_bib86","first-page":"164","article-title":"\u2019Postinfectious Arthritis in Pediatric Practice\u2019","volume":"8","author":"Plesca","year":"2013","journal-title":"MAEDICA a J. Clin. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2023.12.002_bib87","unstructured":"Powers, N. (ed) (2012) Human Osteology Method Statement, Museum Of London Archaeology, available at: https:\/\/www.museumoflondon.org.uk\/application\/files\/4814\/5633\/5269\/osteology-method-statement-revised-2012.pdf, (Accessed: 27 March 2023)."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2023.12.002_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/S0976-5662(11)60058-1","article-title":"Osteomyelitis variolosa misdiagnosed as rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"2","author":"Purandarnath","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Orthop. Trauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2023.12.002_bib89","series-title":"Diagnosis of Bone and Joint Disorders","first-page":"2448","article-title":"\u2018Osteomyelitis, septic arthritis, and soft tissue infection: Organisms\u2019","author":"Resnick","year":"1995"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2023.12.002_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-4160-3988-4.00034-2","article-title":"\u2018Chapter 34 - Overview of extrapulmonary tuberculosis in adults and children","author":"Reuter","year":"2009","journal-title":"Tuberc.: A Compr. Clin. Ref.,"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2023.12.002_bib91","series-title":"Purposeful Pain: The Bioarchaeology of Intentional Suffering","first-page":"21","article-title":"Fashionable but debilitating diseases: tuberculosis past and present","author":"Roberts","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2023.12.002_bib92","series-title":"The Archaeology of Disease","author":"Roberts","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2023.12.002_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2015.12.001","article-title":"\u2018Til Poison Phosphorous Brought them Death\u2019: A potentially occupationally related disease in a post-medieval skeleton from northeast England","volume":"13","author":"Roberts","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Paleopathol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2023.12.002_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1515\/anre-2016-0001","article-title":"Palaeopathology and its relevance to understanding health and disease today: the impact of the environment on health, past and present","volume":"79","author":"Roberts","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anthropol. Rev."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2023.12.002_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1007185","article-title":"Changes in temperature alter the potential outcomes of viral host shifts\u2019","volume":"14","author":"Roberts","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLOS Pathog."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2023.12.002_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1402","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/20.5.1402","article-title":"\u2018Treponemal disease revisited: skeletal discriminators for yaws, bejel, and venereal syphilis\u2019","volume":"20","author":"Rothschild","year":"1995","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis.: Off. Publ. Infect. Dis. Soc. Am."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2023.12.002_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1700150102","article-title":"'Notes on an eruption resembling that of Variola in the skin of a mummy of the 20th Dynasty'","volume":"15","author":"Ruffer","year":"1910","journal-title":"J. Path. Bact."},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2023.12.002_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/0379-0738(95)01736-3","article-title":"Time of fusion of epiphyses at the elbow and wrist joints in girls of northwest India","volume":"74","author":"Sahni","year":"1995","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2023.12.002_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1002\/oa.959","article-title":"A summary of epiphyseal union timings in Bosnian males","volume":"18","author":"Schaefer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Osteoarchaeol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2023.12.002_bib100","first-page":"59","article-title":"Vaccinia osteomyelitis. Report of a case with isolation of the vaccinia virus","volume":"10","author":"Sewall","year":"1949","journal-title":"Bulletin of the Hospital for Joint Diseases"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2023.12.002_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2013-009859","article-title":"Chronic non-supparative osteomyelitis with proliferative periostitis or Garre\u2019s osteomyelitis\u2019","author":"Shah","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2023.12.002_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1093\/jhmas\/IV.1.5","article-title":"The Yellow Plague","volume":"4","author":"Shrewsbury","year":"1949","journal-title":"J. Hist. Med. Allied Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2023.12.002_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-62-2-347","article-title":"Acute Monarticular Arthritis after Vaccination: Report of a case with isolation of vaccina virus from synovial fluid","author":"Silby","year":"1965","journal-title":"Annals of Internal Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2023.12.002_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1016\/S1995-7645(11)60018-7","article-title":"\u2018Osteoarcticular sequelae of smallpox: a case report","author":"Singh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Trop. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2023.12.002_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/1752-1947-8-388","article-title":"Bilateral acute tibial osteomyelitis in a patient without an underlying disease: a case report","volume":"8","author":"Sipahioglu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Med. Case Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2023.12.002_bib106","first-page":"553","article-title":"\u2018The bone lesions of smallpox\u2019","volume":"5B","author":"Sison","year":"1910","journal-title":"Philipp. J. Sci."},{"issue":"Feature","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2023.12.002_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-020-02083-0","article-title":"\u2018The Hidden History of Ancient Plagues\u2019","volume":"584","author":"Spinney","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"354","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2023.12.002_bib108","first-page":"1","article-title":"Osteomyelitis variolosa, an issue inherited from the past: a case report and systematic review\u2019","volume":"16","author":"Tang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Orphanet J. Rare Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2023.12.002_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.110332","article-title":"\u2018Dysimmunity and inflammatory storm: Watch out for bone lesions in COVID-19\u2032 infection","volume":"145","author":"Tao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med. Hypotheses"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2023.12.002_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.PoH-0004-2014","article-title":"History of Smallpox and Its Spread in Human Populations","volume":"4","author":"Th\u00e8ves","year":"2016","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2023.12.002_bib111","article-title":"\u2018Osteomyelitis variolosa\u2019, J Clin Rheumatol. 23(2)","volume":"114","author":"Thomas","year":"2017","journal-title":"pg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2023.12.002_bib112","series-title":"Palaeopathology","author":"Waldron","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2023.12.002_bib113","unstructured":"Walker, D. (2012) Diseases in London: 1st to 19th century, an illustrated guide to diagnoses, Museum of London Archaeology."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2023.12.002_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.161044","article-title":"Missing wrists in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis: a matter of compliance","volume":"44","author":"Wegner","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2023.12.002_bib115","unstructured":"World Health Organization(WHO). (2021) \u2018mpox \u2013 United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland\u2019, Disease Outbreak News, 11 June 2021, available at: https:\/\/www.who.int\/emergencies\/disease-outbreak-news\/item\/mpox---united-kingdom-of-great-britain-and-northern-ireland-ex-nigeria. (Accessed: 29 March 2023)."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Paleopathology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1879981723000773?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1879981723000773?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T10:41:51Z","timestamp":1761820911000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1879981723000773"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]},"references-count":115,"alternative-id":["S1879981723000773"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijpp.2023.12.002","relation":{},"ISSN":["1879-9817"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1879-9817","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Guidance for the identification of bony lesions related to smallpox","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"International Journal of Paleopathology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijpp.2023.12.002","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}