{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T08:14:18Z","timestamp":1778832858766,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":212,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,1,17]],"date-time":"2027-01-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1800144000000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":322,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2150813"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2150813"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BCS-1743448"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BCS-1743448"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BCS-1914638"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BCS-1914638"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016653","name":"Rust Family Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RFF-2020\\u2013127"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RFF-2020\\u2013127"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016653","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016653","name":"Rust Family Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RFF-2023\\u2013217"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RFF-2023\\u2013217"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016653","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007921","name":"University of Pittsburgh","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007921","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006363","name":"National Geographic Society","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["989116"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["989116"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006363","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011411","name":"University of South Dakota","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011411","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["International Journal of Paleopathology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,18]],"date-time":"2026-01-18T05:05:11Z","timestamp":1768712711000},"page":"87-101","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Applying demographic and epidemiological models in challenging situations: Grappling with a small sample size and complex sociopolitical contexts among the ancient Maya at Lower Dover"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"52","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4234-6697","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saige","family":"Kelmelis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-6951-514X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kira","family":"Wilde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John P.","family":"Walden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kirsten Green","family":"Mink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-4707-9359","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kasey","family":"Corey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Victoria S.R.","family":"Izzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carolyn","family":"Freiwald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8554-2727","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claire E.","family":"Ebert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"April","family":"Martinez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-4033-2093","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hannah","family":"Zanotto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8612-8846","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julie A.","family":"Hoggarth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rafael A.","family":"Guerra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M. Kathryn","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christina","family":"Warinner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jaime J.","family":"Awe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib1","series-title":"How the Maya built their world: energetics and ancient architecture","author":"Abrams","year":"1994"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1177\/14034948221087095","article-title":"Indigenous peoples and pandemics","volume":"50","author":"Alves","year":"2022","journal-title":"Scand. J. Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib3","article-title":"Known unknowns and the osteological paradox: why bioarchaeology needs agent-based models","author":"Anderson","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Paleopathol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib4","first-page":"133","article-title":"Empowered children in classic Maya sacrificial rites","volume":"4","author":"Ardren","year":"2011","journal-title":"Childhood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib5","series-title":"Social Identities in the classic Maya Northern Lowlands: gender, age, memory, and place","author":"Ardren","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib6","series-title":"The social experience of childhood in ancient mesoamerica","year":"2006"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1002\/evan.20239","article-title":"Enamel hypoplasia and early mortality: bioarcheological support for the Barker hypothesis","volume":"18","author":"Armelagos","year":"2009","journal-title":"Evolut. Anthropol. Issues N. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib8","series-title":"Lowland Maya settlement patterns","first-page":"37","article-title":"Some issues of method and theory in Lowland Maya settlement archaeology","author":"Ashmore","year":"1981"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib9","series-title":"Dawn in the land between the rivers: formative occupation at Cahal Pech, Belize and its implications for Preclassic occupation in the Central Maya Lowlands [Doctoral dissertation, University of London]","author":"Awe","year":"1992"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib10","first-page":"33","article-title":"Journey on the cahal pech time machine: an archaeological reconstruction of the dynastic sequence at a Belize Valley Maya Polity","volume":"10","author":"Awe","year":"2013","journal-title":"Res. Rep. Belize Archaeol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib11","unstructured":"Awe, J.J., Helmke, C., Ebert, C.E., & Hoggarth, J.A. (2024). Le Roi est Mort, Vive le Roi: Examining the Rise, Apogee, and Decline of Maya Kingship in Central Belize. In P. A. McAnany & M. A. Masson (Eds.), Faces of Rulership in the Maya Region, (pp. 249-284). Dumbarton Oaks."},{"issue":"6761","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.301.6761.1111","article-title":"The fetal and infant origins of adult disease","volume":"301","author":"Barker","year":"1990","journal-title":"BMJ Br. Med. J."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2796.2007.01809.x","article-title":"The origins of the developmental origins theory","volume":"261","author":"Barker","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Intern. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.40.1.37","article-title":"Diet and coronary heart disease in England and Wales during and after the second world war","volume":"40","author":"Barker","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Epidemiol. Community Health"},{"issue":"8489","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(86)91340-1","article-title":"Infant mortality, childhood nutrition, and ischaemic heart disease in England and Wales","volume":"1","author":"Barker","year":"1986","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"6574","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.294.6574.749","article-title":"Inequalities in health in Britain: specific explanations in three Lancashire towns","volume":"294","author":"Barker","year":"1987","journal-title":"Br. Med J. (Clin. Res Ed. )"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib17","first-page":"186","article-title":"Excavations at Tutu Uitz Na: results of the 2018 field season","volume":"24","author":"Biggie","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib18","series-title":"The Belize Valley Archaeological Reconnaissance Project: A Report of the 2023 Field Season","first-page":"61","article-title":"Interim report of the 2023 excavations at structure B1, Lower Dover","author":"Biggie","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib19","first-page":"1","article-title":"First steps\u2013dentition, kinship, social groups, and status in the Upper Belize River Valley: small sample insights into classic Maya social organization in central Western Belize","author":"Blankenship-Sefczek","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anc. Mesoam."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib20","first-page":"73","article-title":"Transition analysis: a new method for estimating age from skeletons","author":"Boldsen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Camb. Stud. Biol. Evolut. Anthropol."},{"issue":"S74","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.24462","article-title":"Paleodemography: from archaeology and skeletal age estimation to life in the past","volume":"178","author":"Boldsen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Biol. Anthropol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.23701","article-title":"Cribra orbitalia and porotic hyperostosis: a biological approach to diagnosis","volume":"167","author":"Brickley","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Anthropol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib23","series-title":"The bioarchaeology of metabolic bone disease","author":"Brickley","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib24","series-title":"The Belize Valley Archaeology Project: Results of the 1995 Field Season","first-page":"35","article-title":"Report on the 1995 investigations at the site of Floral Park, Belize","author":"Brown","year":"1996"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib25","series-title":"In The Routledge Handbook of Paleopathology","article-title":"Big pictures in 21st-century paleopathology: interdisciplinarity and transdisciplinarity","author":"Buikstra","year":"2022"},{"issue":"S74","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.24494","article-title":"Twenty-first century bioarchaeology: taking stock and moving forward","volume":"178","author":"Buikstra","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Biol. Anthropol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1525\/aa.1985.87.2.02a00050","article-title":"Paleodemography: critiques and controversies","volume":"87","author":"Buikstra","year":"1985","journal-title":"Am. Anthropol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.2307\/281750","article-title":"Fertility and the development of agriculture in the Prehistoric Midwest","volume":"51","author":"Buikstra","year":"1986","journal-title":"Am. Antiq."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib29","article-title":"Standards for data collection from human skeletal remains","volume":"44","author":"Buikstra","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ark. Archeol. Surv. Res. Ser. no"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib30","first-page":"31","article-title":"Rites of passage, religion, and cosmology: a decolonial approach to Maya Indigeneity in Diego de Landa's Relaci\u00f3n de las cosas de Yucat\u00e1n (c. 1566)","volume":"40","author":"C\u00e1rdenas","year":"2024","journal-title":"Confluencia Rev. Hisp. \u00e1nica De. Cult. Y. Lit."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib31","article-title":"Department of geography and geology, University of Nebraska at Omaha","author":"Castelhano","year":"1996","journal-title":"Res. Tres Rios Archaeol. Site Belize River Val. Belize"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib32","first-page":"73","article-title":"Ancient Maya standard-bearers\u2019 foodways: chemical residue analyses of ceramic vessels at the Guzm\u00e1n Group of El Palmar, Campeche, Mexico","volume":"4","author":"Ceballos","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mayanist"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib33","article-title":"Poblaci\u00f3n, nutrici\u00f3n y condiciones de vida en Xcamb\u00f3","author":"Cetina Bastida","year":"2003","journal-title":"Yucat\u00e1N. [Unpubl. BA Thesis]. Fac. De. Cienc. Antropol. \u00f3gicas"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib34","series-title":"Demography in archaeology","author":"Chamberlain","year":"2006"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib35","series-title":"Mesoamerican Elites: An Archaeological Assessment","first-page":"3","article-title":"Mesoamerican elites: assumptions, definitions, and models","author":"Chase","year":"1992"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1086\/204564","article-title":"More than King and Kin: centralized political organization among the Late Classic Maya","volume":"37","author":"Chase","year":"1996","journal-title":"Curr. Anthropol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib37","series-title":"Reconstruyendo la ciudad maya: El urbanismo en las sociedades antiguas","first-page":"95","article-title":"El paisaje urbano Maya: La integracio\u00b4n de los espacios construidos y la estructura social en Caracol, Belice","author":"Chase","year":"2001"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1002\/oa.2695","article-title":"Assessing the association between subsistence strategies and the timing of weaning among indigenous archaeological populations of the Caribbean","volume":"28","author":"Chinique de Armas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Osteoarchaeol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1002\/oa.2757","article-title":"Cribra orbitalia: dissecting an ill-defined phenomenon","volume":"29","author":"Cole","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Osteoarchaeol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1972.tb00899.x","article-title":"Regression models and life-tables","volume":"34","author":"Cox","year":"1972","journal-title":"J. R. Stat. Soc. Ser. B (Methodol. )"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib41","series-title":"Heterarchy and the analysis of complex societies","first-page":"1","article-title":"Heterarchy and the analysis of complex societies","author":"Crumley","year":"1995"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib42","first-page":"105","article-title":"Maya sub adult mortality and individual physiological frailty: an analysis of infant stress by means of linear enamel hypoplasia","volume":"4","author":"Cucina","year":"2011","journal-title":"Childhood"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.10267","article-title":"Dental caries and antemortem tooth loss in the Northern Peten area, Mexico: a biocultural perspective on social status differences among the Classic Maya","volume":"122","author":"Cucina","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Anthropol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib44","series-title":"In Bones of the Maya: Studies of ancient skeletons","first-page":"127","article-title":"Late Classic Maya health patterns: evidence from enamel microdefects","author":"Danforth","year":"1997"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib45","first-page":"821","article-title":"Closing comment: The Maya State: centralized or segmentary?","volume":"37","author":"Demarest","year":"1996","journal-title":"Curr. Anthropol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2014.06.001","article-title":"Differential survival among individuals with active and healed periosteal new bone formation","volume":"7","author":"DeWitte","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Paleopathol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.23073","article-title":"Stress, sex, and plague: patterns of developmental stress and survival in pre- and post-Black Death London","volume":"30","author":"DeWitte","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3109\/03014460.2015.1020873","article-title":"Wealth, health and frailty in industrial-era London","author":"DeWitte","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Hum. Biol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1007\/s10814-015-9084-1","article-title":"The osteological paradox 20 years later: past perspectives, future directions","volume":"23","author":"DeWitte","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Archaeol. Res."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1436","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0705460105","article-title":"Selectivity of Black Death mortality with respect to preexisting health","volume":"105","author":"DeWitte","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib51","series-title":"The Ancient Maya of the Belize Valley: Half a Century of Archaeological Research","first-page":"287","article-title":"The emergence of minor centers in the zones between seats of power","author":"Driver","year":"2004"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tube.2023.102348","article-title":"The paleopathology and paleoepidemiology of upper paleolithic tuberculosis: review of evidence and hypotheses","volume":"143","author":"Dutour","year":"2023","journal-title":"Tuberculosis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib53","author":"Ebert","year":"2017","journal-title":"Preclassic Maya Soc. Complex. Orig. Inequal. Cahal Pech. Belize [Dr. Diss. Pa. State Univ. ]."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1017\/RDC.2015.7","article-title":"AMS 14C Dating of Preclassic to Classic Period Household Construction in the Ancient Maya Community of Cahal Pech, Belize","volume":"58","author":"Ebert","year":"2016","journal-title":"Radiocarbon"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1086\/704530","article-title":"The role of diet in resilience and vulnerability to climate change among early agricultural communities in the Maya Lowlands","volume":"60","author":"Ebert","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Anthropol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1017\/laq.2020.90","article-title":"Early monumentality in the Belize River Valley: excavations of a preclassic E-group at Cahal Pech, Belize","volume":"32","author":"Ebert","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lat. Am. Antiq."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib57","article-title":"Sustaining Cerro Maya: stable isotope evidence for diverse dietary practices in a Preclassic Maya coastal community","author":"Ebert","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lat. Am. Antiq. ( Rev. )"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib58","series-title":"The not very patrilocal European Neolithic. Strontium, aDNA, and archaeological kinship analyses","author":"Ensor","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1002\/oa.1179","article-title":"Proposing a way forward: a review of standardisation in the use of age categories and ageing techniques in osteological analysis (2004-2009)","volume":"21","author":"Falys","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Osteoarchaeol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib60","series-title":"The Value of Things: Prehistoric to Contemporary Commodities in the Maya Region","first-page":"163","article-title":"Plant-food Commodities of the Maya Lowlands","author":"Fedick","year":"2017"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2020","DOI":"10.2136\/sssaj2004.0306","article-title":"Soil resources of the ancient Maya at Piedras Negras, Guatemala","volume":"69","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez","year":"2005","journal-title":"Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaa.2014.10.001","article-title":"The role of infield agriculture in Maya Cities","volume":"36","author":"Fisher","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Anthropol. Archaeol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1086\/204563","article-title":"Questions of political and economic integration: segmentary versus centralized states among the Ancient Maya","volume":"37","author":"Fox","year":"1996","journal-title":"Curr. Anthropol."},{"issue":"67, 2016","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-122414-033352","article-title":"Causal inference in developmental origins of health and disease (DOHaD) research","volume":"67","author":"Gage","year":"2016","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Psychol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330760403","article-title":"Mathematical hazard models of mortality: an alternative to model life tables","volume":"76","author":"Gage","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Anthropol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib66","series-title":"In Palaeopathology and evolutionary medicine: An integrated approach","first-page":"17","article-title":"Developmental origins of health and disease (DOHaD): perspectives from bioarchaeology","author":"Gamble","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib67","first-page":"196","article-title":"Excavations at Haabna (SG 35), Floral Park: results of the 2019 field season","volume":"25","author":"Garcia","year":"2020"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/wfs2.1378","article-title":"The use of transition analysis in skeletal age estimation","volume":"2","author":"Getz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews Forensic Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib69","unstructured":"Gifford, J.C. (1976). Prehistoric Pottery Analysis and the Ceramics of Barton Ramie in the Belize Valley (Vol. 18). Harvard University."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib70","series-title":"The Belize Valley Archaeology Project: Results of the 1994 Field Season","first-page":"58","article-title":"Survey and initial excavations at floral park","author":"Glassman","year":"1995"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1086\/671054","article-title":"Territory, trust, growth and collapse in classic period Maya Kingdoms","volume":"54","author":"Golden","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Anthropol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330680404","article-title":"Factors affecting the distribution of enamel hypoplasias within the human permanent dentition","volume":"68","author":"Goodman","year":"1985","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Anthropol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib73","first-page":"515","article-title":"Enamel hypoplasias as indicators of stress in three prehistoric populations from illinois","volume":"52","author":"Goodman","year":"1980","journal-title":"Hum. Biol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.2307\/280601","article-title":"Soil pH, bone preservation, and sampling bias at mortuary sites","volume":"46","author":"Gordon","year":"1981","journal-title":"Am. Antiq."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib75","series-title":"In The Routledge Handbook of Paleopathology","first-page":"520","article-title":"The developmental origins of health and disease: implications for paleopathology","author":"Gowland","year":"2022"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.22820","article-title":"Entangled lives: implications of the developmental origins of health and disease hypothesis for bioarchaeology and the life course","volume":"158","author":"Gowland","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Anthropol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.23366","article-title":"A century of paleopathology","volume":"165","author":"Grauer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Anthropol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.21619","article-title":"Linear enamel hypoplasia as an indicator of physiological stress in great apes: reviewing the evidence in light of enamel growth variation","volume":"148","author":"Guatelli-Steinberg","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Anthropol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib79","article-title":"University of New Mexico","author":"Guerra","year":"2021","journal-title":"Low. Dover Belize. A Case Study A Rapid Growth Community Termin. Class. Period Maya Lowl. [Unpubl. Dr. Diss. ]"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib80","first-page":"241","article-title":"Recent investigations at the major center of lower dover in the Belize River Valley","volume":"14","author":"Guerra","year":"2017","journal-title":"Res. Rep. Belize Archaeol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib81","first-page":"121","article-title":"The 2016 stratigraphic excavations in the site core at lower dover, Belize","volume":"22","author":"Guerra","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib82","series-title":"The archaeology of ancestors: Death, memory, and veneration","first-page":"213","article-title":"Where the ancestors live: shrines and their meaning among the Classic Maya","author":"Hageman","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib83","series-title":"Heterarchy, political economy, and the ancient Maya","first-page":"109","article-title":"Heterarchy, corporate groups, and Late Classic resource management in northwestern Belize","author":"Hageman","year":"2003"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.25009","article-title":"Dying of pestilence: stature and mortality from the Black Death in 14th-century Kyrgyzstan","volume":"185","author":"Hansen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am. J. Biol. Anthropol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib85","series-title":"Household and community in the Mesoamerican past","first-page":"121","article-title":"Musical hammocks at Tikal: problems with reconstructing household composition","author":"Haviland","year":"1988"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib86","first-page":"59","article-title":"Ancient Maya territorial organisation of central Belize: confluence of archaeological and epigraphic data","volume":"4","author":"Helmke","year":"2013","journal-title":"Contrib. N. World Archaeol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib87","unstructured":"Hoggarth, J.A. (2012). Social reorganization and household adaptation in the aftermath of collapse at Baking Pot, Belize [Ph.D., University of Pittsburgh]. \u3008https:\/\/www.proquest.com\/docview\/1328162233\/abstract\/2079475E54564DD2PQ\/1\u3009."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.2458\/56.18100","article-title":"Questioning Postclassic Continuity at Baking Pot, Belize, Using Direct AMS 14C Dating of Human Burials","volume":"56","author":"Hoggarth","year":"2014","journal-title":"Radiocarbon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib89","series-title":"Paleodemography: age distributions from skeletal samples","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib90","series-title":"The Ancient Maya of the Belize Valley: Half a Century of Archaeological Research","first-page":"273","article-title":"Problems in the definition and interpretation of \u201cminor centers\u201d in Maya archaeology with reference to the Upper Belize Valley","author":"Iannone","year":"2004"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1017\/S0956536121000080","article-title":"Focal nodes and ritual economy in Ancient Maya Hinterland communities: a case study from San Lorenzo, Belize","volume":"33","author":"Ingalls","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anc. Mesoam."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib92","series-title":"The Belize Valley Archaeological Reconnaissance Project: A Report of the 2024 Field Season","article-title":"Final report of the 2023 & 2024 excavations at structure B1, Lower Dover","author":"Izzo","year":"2025"},{"issue":"282","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1958.10501452","article-title":"Nonparametric estimation from incomplete observations","volume":"53","author":"Kaplan","year":"1958","journal-title":"J. Am. Stat. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib94","unstructured":"Kelmelis. (2019). The Bioarchaeology of Urbanization in Medieval Denmark (AD 1050-1536) [PhD Thesis]. The Pennsylvania State University."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jasrep.2021.103089","article-title":"Urban and rural survivorship in pre- and post-Black Death Denmark","volume":"38","author":"Kelmelis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal Archaeological Science Reports"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.23314","article-title":"The effect of leprotic infection on the risk of death in medieval rural Denmark","volume":"164","author":"Kelmelis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Anthropol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1007\/s10816-024-09689-y","article-title":"Biocultural taphonomies and analysis of an emerging terminal classic (750\u2013900 CE) Maya deathway","volume":"32","author":"Kelmelis","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Archaeol. Method Theory"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kosakowsky, L. J., & Robin, C. (2012). Ceramics and chronology at Chan. Chan: an ancient Maya farming community, 42-70.","DOI":"10.5744\/florida\/9780813039831.003.0003"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1484\/J.CNT.5.130031","article-title":"Paleosyndemics: a bioarchaeological and biosocial approach to study infectious diseases in the past","volume":"64","author":"Larsen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Centaurus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib100","first-page":"185","article-title":"A report of the 2019 excavations at Jolna (SG 34), Floral Park","volume":"25","author":"Levin","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib101","series-title":"The bioarchaeology of children: perspectives from biological and forensic anthropology","author":"Lewis","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaa.2025.101681","article-title":"Dearly de-parted: Ancestors, body partibility, and making place at Dos Hombres, Belize","volume":"78","author":"Locker","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Anthropol. Archaeol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lohse, J.C., & Valdez, F., Jr. (2004). Examining ancient Maya commoners anew. In J. C. Lohse & F. Valdez, Jr. (Eds.), Ancient Maya Commoners (pp. 1-22). University of Austin Press.","DOI":"10.7560\/705715-002"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib104","first-page":"45","article-title":"Managing the marketplace: the view from Ximbal Che, an intermediate elite architectural group at Yaxnohcah, Campeche","volume":"4","author":"Longstaffe","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mayanist"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib105","series-title":"Intermediate Elites in Pre-Columbian States and Empires","first-page":"212","article-title":"Identifying elites and their strategies","author":"Marcus","year":"2006"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib106","series-title":"Ancient Maya politics: a political anthropology of the classic period 150\u2013900 CE","author":"Martin","year":"2020"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib107","first-page":"38","article-title":"Child bioarchaeology: perspectives on the past 10 years","volume":"10","author":"Mays","year":"2017","journal-title":"Childhood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib108","series-title":"Living with the ancestors: kinship and kingship in ancient Maya society","author":"McAnany","year":"2013"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.24279","article-title":"Using a multimethod life history approach to navigate the osteological paradox: a case study from Prehispanic Nasca, Peru","volume":"175","author":"McCool","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Anthropol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.24091","article-title":"A paleoepidemiological approach to the osteological paradox: investigating stress, frailty and resilience through cribra orbitalia","volume":"173","author":"McFadden","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Anthropol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib111","first-page":"1","volume":"177","author":"McManus","year":"2022","journal-title":"Tales teethDent. Anal. Child. Health Mortal. Status Early Late Class. Maya Belize (250900 CE"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchb.2009.04.001","article-title":"Linear enamel hypoplasia at Xcamb\u00f3, Yucat\u00e1n, during the Maya Classic period: an evaluation of coastal marshland impact on ancient human populations","volume":"60","author":"M\u00e9ndez Coll\u00ed","year":"2009","journal-title":"HOMO"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1017\/S1045663500002492","article-title":"Isotopic evidence for diet at Chau Hiix, Belize: testing regional models of hierarchy and heterarchy","volume":"20","author":"Metcalfe","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lat. Am. Antiq."},{"issue":"2\/3","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib114","first-page":"187","article-title":"Ongoing work with adult skeletal age estimation: what works and what doesn\u2019t","volume":"7","author":"Milner","year":"2024","journal-title":"Forensic Anthropol. (Univ. Fla. )"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib115","article-title":"Transition analysis skeletal age estimation: new traits and their potential for adult aging","author":"Milner","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Biol. Anthropol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.22047","article-title":"Transition analysis: a validation study with known-age modern American skeletons","volume":"148","author":"Milner","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Anthropol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2017.03.007","article-title":"Life not death: epidemiology from skeletons","volume":"17","author":"Milner","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Paleopathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib118","series-title":"Remodeling Forensic Skeletal Age","first-page":"139","article-title":"Chapter 6 - Great expectations: the rise, fall, and resurrection of adult skeletal age estimation","author":"Milner","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib119","series-title":"Paleodemography. In biological anthropology of the human skeleton","first-page":"593","author":"Milner","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib120","series-title":"In Biological anthropology of the human skeleton","first-page":"561","article-title":"Advances in paleodemography","author":"Milner","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330930302","article-title":"Developmental, diachronic, and demographic analysis of cribra orbitalia in the medieval christian populations of Kulubnarti","volume":"93","author":"Mittler","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Anthr."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(81)80580-X","article-title":"The etiology of enamel hypoplasia: a unifying concept","volume":"98","author":"Nikiforuk","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib123","series-title":"Chan: An Ancient Maya Farming Community","first-page":"231","article-title":"The Chan community: a bioarchaeological perspective","author":"Novotny","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib124","first-page":"129","article-title":"Ancestor veneration in practice: a regional mortuary analysis of the Belize River Valley","volume":"13","author":"Novotny","year":"2016","journal-title":"Res. Rep. Belize Archaeol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1017\/laq.2018.41","article-title":"Ritual emulation of ancient Maya elite mortuary traditions during the classic period (AD 250\u2013900) at Cahal Pech, Belize","volume":"29","author":"Novotny","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lat. Am. Antiq."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.23902","article-title":"Indicators of stress and their association with frailty in the precontact Southwestern United States","volume":"170","author":"O\u2019Donnell","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Anthropol."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib127","article-title":"Skeletal manifestations of disease experience: length of illness and porous cranial lesion formation in a contemporary juvenile mortality sample","volume":"35","author":"O\u2019Donnell","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Biol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.24131","article-title":"Cribra orbitalia and porotic hyperostosis are associated with respiratory infections in a contemporary mortality sample from New Mexico","volume":"173","author":"O\u2019Donnell","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Anthropol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1017\/laq.2018.11","article-title":"Population and demographic shifts along the coast of the Yucatan from the Early to Late Classic: a view from Xcambo, Mexico","volume":"29","author":"Ortega-Mu\u00f1oz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lat. Am. Antiq."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib130","series-title":"Identification of pathological conditions in human skeletal remains","article-title":"\/z-wcorg\/","author":"Ortner","year":"2003"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1537\/ase.100302","article-title":"Porotic hyperostosis and cribra orbitalia: the erythropoietic response to iron-deficiency anaemia","volume":"118","author":"Oxenham","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anthropol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib132","author":"Paine","year":"1992","journal-title":"Popul. Dyn. Copan Honduras AD 4501250 A Study Archaeol. Demogr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib133","article-title":"Tuberculosis in medieval and early modern Denmark: a paleoepidemiological perspective","author":"Pedersen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Paleopathol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib134","first-page":"89","article-title":"Redefining childhood through bioarchaeology: toward an archaeological and biological understanding of children in antiquity","volume":"15","author":"Perry","year":"2005","journal-title":"Archaeol. Pap. Am. Anthropol. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib135","unstructured":"Petrozza, M.L. (2015). Archaeological Investigations of the Lower Dover Periphery, Cayo District, Belize, Central America Unpublished Masters Thesis, Texas State University]. San Marcos."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jas.2021.105473","article-title":"End-to-end Bayesian analysis for summarizing sets of radiocarbon dates","volume":"135","author":"Price","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Archaeol. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1111\/1475-4754.00047","article-title":"The characterization of biologically available strontium isotope ratios for the study of prehistoric migration","volume":"44","author":"Price","year":"2002","journal-title":"Archaeometry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib138","article-title":"R: a language and environment for statistical computing [Computer software]","author":"R Core Team","year":"2021","journal-title":"R. Found. Stat. Comput."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2005.09.003","article-title":"Variation in modern human enamel formation times","volume":"50","author":"Reid","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Hum. Evol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.23258","article-title":"New evidence suggesting a dissociated etiology for cribra orbitalia and porotic hyperostosis","volume":"164","author":"Rivera","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Anthropol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib141","series-title":"Chan: An Ancient Maya Farming Community","first-page":"113","article-title":"Ritual in a Farming Community","author":"Robin","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib142","series-title":"The Biological, Demographic, and Social Consequences of Living in Cities","first-page":"49","article-title":"Ritual, urbanism, and the everyday: mortuary behavior in the Indus civilization","author":"Robbins Schug","year":"2020"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/encyclopedia5010013","article-title":"From ONE health to ONE paleopathology: deep-time perspectives on health in the face of climate and environmental change","volume":"5","author":"Robbins Schug","year":"2025","journal-title":"Encyclopedia"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib144","article-title":"Building a bioarchaeology of pandemic, epidemic, and syndemic diseases: lessons for understanding COVID-19","volume":"6","author":"Robbins Schug","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bioarchaeology Int."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1709","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.24561","article-title":"Cribra orbitalia is a vascular phenomenon unrelated to marrow hyperplasia or anemia: paradigm shift for cribra orbitalia","volume":"304","author":"Rothschild","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anat. Rec."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.2307\/280557","article-title":"Stable populations and skeletal age","volume":"48","author":"Sattenspiel","year":"1983","journal-title":"Am. Antiq."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwae173","article-title":"Death on the permafrost: revisiting the 1918-1920 influenza pandemic in Alaska using death certificates","volume":"194","author":"Sattenspiel","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib148","series-title":"The human skeletal remains from Altar de Sacrificios, Guatemala: an osteobiographic analysis (No. 63:2","first-page":"1","author":"Saul","year":"1972"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib149","first-page":"383","article-title":"The physical anthropology of the ancient Maya: an appraisal","volume":"4","author":"Saul","year":"1972"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1007\/s10814-016-9098-3","article-title":"Bioarchaeology and the skeletons of the pre-columbian Maya","volume":"25","author":"Scherer","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Archaeol. Res."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1525\/maq.2003.17.4.423","article-title":"Syndemics and public health: reconceptualizing disease in bio-social context","volume":"17","author":"Singer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Med. Anthropol. Q."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330630107","article-title":"Patterns of molar wear in hunter-gatherers and agriculturalists","volume":"63","author":"Smith","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Anthropol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jas.2012.10.029","article-title":"Applying new approaches to modeling diet and status: isotopic evidence for commoner resiliency and elite variability in the Classic Maya lowlands","volume":"40","author":"Somerville","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Archaeol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib154","author":"Steckel","year":"2006","journal-title":"Glob. Hist. Health. Data Collect. Code"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1017\/S0956536100002376","article-title":"The children of Copan: issues in paleopathology and paleodemography","volume":"3","author":"Storey","year":"1992","journal-title":"Anc. Mesoam."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib156","first-page":"116","article-title":"and stress in late classic Cop\u00e1n","author":"Storey","year":"1997","journal-title":"Individ. frailty Child. Privil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib157","first-page":"277","article-title":"Mortality through time in an impoverished residence of the precolumbian city of Teotihuacan: a paleodemographic view","author":"Storey","year":"2006","journal-title":"Urban. Preindustrial World. CrossCult. Approaches"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.20502","article-title":"An elusive paleodemography? A comparison of two methods for estimating the adult age distribution of deaths at late Classic Copan, Honduras","volume":"132","author":"Storey","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Anthropol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib159","series-title":"The Backbone of History: Health and Nutrition in the Western Hemisphere","first-page":"283","article-title":"Social disruption and the Maya civilization of mesoamerica: a study of health and economy of the last thousand years","author":"Storey","year":"2002"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330870105","article-title":"Porotic hyperostosis: a new perspective","volume":"87","author":"Stuart-Macadam","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Anthropol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1002\/evan.21754","article-title":"Bioarchaeological evidence for adaptive plasticity and constraint: exploring life-history trade-offs in the human past","volume":"28","author":"Temple","year":"2019","journal-title":"Evolut. Anthropol. Issues N. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib162","series-title":"In The Maya World","first-page":"107","article-title":"Maya bioarchaeology","author":"Tiesler","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib163","first-page":"1","article-title":"Qu\u00e9 aprendemos del pasado: Salud, estilo de vida y urbanismo en poblaciones prehisp\u00e1nicas, coloniales y contempor\u00e1neas en la pen\u00ednsula de Yucat\u00e1n","volume":"17","author":"Tiesler","year":"2015","journal-title":"Estud. De. Antropol. \u00eda Biol. \u00f3gica"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib164","series-title":"Prehistoric settlement patterns: Essays in honor of Gordon R. Willey","first-page":"33","article-title":"An assessment of Central Maya household composition. In","author":"Tourtellot","year":"1983"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib165","series-title":"Household and community in the Mesoamerican past","first-page":"97","article-title":"Developmental cycles of households and houses at Seibal","author":"Tourtellot","year":"1988"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib166","article-title":"Pennsylvania State University","author":"Usher","year":"2000","journal-title":"A Multistate Model Health Mortal. paleodemography Tirup Cemet."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.24678","article-title":"Contextualizing pandemics: respiratory survivorship before, during, and after the 1918 influenza pandemic in Newfoundland","volume":"181","author":"van Doren","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Biol. Anthropol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib168","article-title":"University of Pittsburgh","author":"Walden","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dyn. Political Eclipse Shifting Roles Strateg. Class. Maya Intermed. Elites [Dr. Diss. ]"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib169","first-page":"21","article-title":"The political roles of inter-hierarchical agents in the Classic Maya Lowlands","volume":"4","author":"Walden","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mayanist"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib170","first-page":"173","article-title":"Settlement excavations in the lower dover periphery: results of the 2017 field season","volume":"23","author":"Walden","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaa.2019.101074","article-title":"Modeling variability in Classic Maya intermediate elite political strategies through multivariate analysis of settlement patterns","volume":"55","author":"Walden","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Anthropol. Archaeol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib172","series-title":"El paisaje urbano maya: del precl\u00e1sico al virreinato","first-page":"195","article-title":"Multiscalar approaches to reconstructing classic Maya strategies of ceremonial inclusion and exclusion through the accessibility of architecture at Lower Dover, Belize","author":"Walden","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib173","first-page":"149","article-title":"The 2018-2019 excavations at BR-180, barton ramie, Lower Dover","volume":"25","author":"Walden","year":"2020"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.3390\/land12020483","article-title":"Classic Maya settlement systems reveal differential land use patterns in the upper Belize River Valley","volume":"12","author":"Walden","year":"2023","journal-title":"Land"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib175","first-page":"43","article-title":"Examining the political dynamics underlying the rise of Lower Dover","volume":"18","author":"Walden","year":"2023","journal-title":"Res. Rep. Belize Archaeol."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib176","first-page":"1","article-title":"Patterns of residential differentiation and labor control at baking pot and lower dover in the Belize River Valley","volume":"34","author":"Walden","year":"2023","journal-title":"Anc. Mesoam."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib177","series-title":"The Socio-Political Integration of Ancient Neighborhoods: Perspectives from the Andes and Mesoamerica","first-page":"65","article-title":"Intermediate elites and the shift from communities to districts in the formation of a late Classic Maya Polity","author":"Walden","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib178","article-title":"Classic Maya landscape adaptation, agricultural productivity, and political dynamics in the Upper Belize River Valley","volume":"20","author":"Walden","year":"2025","journal-title":"Quat. Sci. Adv."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.21031","article-title":"The causes of porotic hyperostosis and cribra orbitalia: a reappraisal of the iron-deficiency-anemia hypothesis","volume":"139","author":"Walker","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Anthropol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.24738","article-title":"Paleoepidemiology of cribra orbitalia: Insights from early seventh millennium BP Con Co Ngua, Vietnam","volume":"181","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Biol. Anthropol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.10321","article-title":"Is cribra orbitalia synonymous with anemia? Analysis and interpretation of cranial pathology in Sudan","volume":"123","author":"Wapler","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Anthropol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib182","first-page":"136","article-title":"Investigations of the palace complex at lower dover: results from the 2016 excavations in Courtyard 2","volume":"22","author":"Watkins","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib183","series-title":"In Bones of the Maya: Studies of ancient skeletons","first-page":"1","article-title":"Studying Maya Burials","author":"Webster","year":"1997"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib184","volume":"49","author":"Webster","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib185","series-title":"An Analysis of Classic Lowland Maya Burials (Vol. 409)","author":"Welsh","year":"1988"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1086\/jar.49.4.3630154","article-title":"Intensive agriculture, social status, and Maya diet at Pacbitun, Belize","volume":"49","author":"White","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Anthropol. Res."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.2307\/972085","article-title":"Social complexity and food systems at Altun Ha, Belize: the isotopic evidence","volume":"12","author":"White","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lat. Am. Antiq."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330850206","article-title":"Detection of significant demographic differences between subpopulations of prehispanic Maya from Copan, Honduras, by survival analysis","volume":"85","author":"Whittington","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Anthropol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib189","series-title":"Bones of the Maya: Studies of ancient skeletons","year":"1997"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib190","series-title":"Paleopathological analyses of Maya skeletal samples to reconstruct childhood health and frailty [Unpublished BA Thesis]","author":"Wilde","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib191","unstructured":"Willey, G., Bullard, W., Glass, J., & Gifford, J. (1965). Prehistoric Maya Settlements in the Belize Valley (No. 54; Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.20229","article-title":"Trophic level and macronutrient shift effects associated with the weaning process in the Postclassic Maya","volume":"128","author":"Williams","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Anthr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib193","author":"Wissler","year":"2021","journal-title":"Engag. Osteol. Paradox.. A Study Frailty Surviv. 1918 Influenza Pandemic [Ph. D. Ariz. State Univ. ]."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib194","first-page":"129","article-title":"Mortality models for paleodemography","volume":"31","author":"Wood","year":"2002"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1086\/204084","article-title":"The osteological paradox: problems of inferring prehistoric health from skeletal samples [and comments and reply]","volume":"33","author":"Wood","year":"1992","journal-title":"Curr. Anthropol."},{"issue":"S15","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330350604","article-title":"Hazards models for human population biology","volume":"35","author":"Wood","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Anthropol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib197","series-title":"Diet, health, and status among the pasi\u00f3n Maya: a reappraisal of the collapse","author":"Wright","year":"2006"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1017\/S0956536100001723","article-title":"Biological perspectives on the collapse of the Pasi\u00f3n Maya","volume":"8","author":"Wright","year":"1997","journal-title":"Anc. Mesoam."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib199","author":"Wright","year":"1997","journal-title":"Inter. Patterns Hypoplasia Expr. Implic. Child. Health Class. Maya Collapse"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1525\/aa.1998.100.4.924","article-title":"Porotic hyperostosis and paleoepidemiology: a forensic perspective on anemia among the ancient Maya","volume":"100","author":"Wright","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. Anthropol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8644(199805)106:1<1::AID-AJPA1>3.0.CO;2-W","article-title":"Stable carbon and oxygen isotopes in human tooth enamel: identifying breastfeeding and weaning in prehistory","volume":"106","author":"Wright","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Anthropol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02221075","article-title":"Human biology in the classic Maya collapse: evidence from paleopathology and paleodiet","volume":"10","author":"Wright","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. World Prehistory"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1021200925063","article-title":"Recent progress in bioarchaeology: approaches to the osteological paradox","volume":"11","author":"Wright","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Archaeol. Res."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-4754.2007.00330.x","article-title":"Issues related to determining burial chronology by fluoride analysis of bone from the Maya archaeological site of Chau Hiix, Belize","volume":"49","author":"Wrobel","year":"2007","journal-title":"Archaeometry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib205","series-title":"The bioarchaeology of space and place: ideology, power and meaning in Maya mortuary contexts","author":"Wrobel","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib206","series-title":"Mesoamerican osteobiographies: revealing the lives and deaths of ancient individuals","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib207","series-title":"In Mesoamerican Osteobiographies: Revealing the Lives and Deaths of Ancient Individuals","first-page":"203","article-title":"Death and remembrance in Central Belize: an osteobiography","author":"Wrobel","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib208","series-title":"Classic Maya Provincial Politics: Xunantunich and Its Hinterlands","first-page":"233","article-title":"Landscapes of the Xunantunich Hinterlands","author":"Yaeger","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib209","series-title":"Ancient Maya Commoners","first-page":"147","article-title":"Heterogeneous Hinterlands: the social and political organization of commoner settlements near Xunantunich, Belize","author":"Yaeger","year":"2004"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib210","first-page":"181","article-title":"Two early classic elite burials from Buenavista Del Cayo, Belize","volume":"12","author":"Yaeger","year":"2015","journal-title":"Res. Rep. Belize Archaeol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.24647","article-title":"Biocultural perspectives on bioarchaeological and paleopathological evidence of past pandemics","volume":"182","author":"Zuckerman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Biol. Anthropol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003_bib212","series-title":"New directions in biocultural anthropology","year":"2016"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Paleopathology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1879981726000033?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1879981726000033?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T08:05:57Z","timestamp":1778832357000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1879981726000033"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"references-count":212,"alternative-id":["S1879981726000033"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003","relation":{},"ISSN":["1879-9817"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1879-9817","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Applying demographic and epidemiological models in challenging situations: Grappling with a small sample size and complex sociopolitical contexts among the ancient Maya at Lower Dover","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"International Journal of Paleopathology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijpp.2026.01.003","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}