{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T21:37:53Z","timestamp":1784756273665,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":117,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754006400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754006400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,13]],"date-time":"2025-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747094400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007567","name":"City University of Hong Kong","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["9610496"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["9610496"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007567","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2025.101082","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,15]],"date-time":"2025-05-15T11:54:24Z","timestamp":1747310064000},"page":"101082","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Epidemiology and risk factors for endoparasite infection in subtropical feral cattle in Hong Kong"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5164-2490","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tania A.","family":"Perroux","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samantha S.Y.","family":"Lie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5770-4568","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alan G.","family":"McElligott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3893-9403","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Danchen A.","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0338-1895","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fraser I.","family":"Hill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2531-6058","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"George M.W.","family":"Hodgson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-2330-1496","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wing S.","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3770-3765","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kate J.","family":"Flay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2025.101082_bib1","series-title":"Ecological and Conservation Importance of Six Sai Kung Country Park Enclaves","author":"Ades","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2025.101082_bib2","article-title":"Stray cattle and Buffalo management plan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Agric. Fish. Conserv. Dep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2025.101082_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2656.12994","article-title":"Costs and drivers of helminth parasite infection in wild female baboons","volume":"88","author":"Akinyi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Anim. Ecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2025.101082_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1410","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182018000185","article-title":"Seasonality of helminth infection in wild red deer varies between individuals and between parasite taxa","volume":"145","author":"Albery","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2025.101082_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4172\/2157-7579.1000280","article-title":"Prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in Gaur (Bos gaurus) and domestic cattle at interface zones of the Nilgiri Hills, Tamil Nadu, India","volume":"07","author":"Allwin","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Vet. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2025.101082_bib6","first-page":"130","article-title":"Moniezia expansa y Moniezia benedeni una parasitosis en rumiantes: una visi\u00f3n general de sus aspectos vinculados a su taxonom\u00eda","volume":"10","author":"Almeida-Caicedo","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Selva Andina Anim. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2025.101082_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-0715-7","article-title":"Transcriptional analysis identifies key genes involved in metabolism, fibrosis\/tissue repair and the immune response against Fasciola hepatica in sheep liver","volume":"8","author":"Alvarez Rojas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2025.101082_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vas.2018.11.002","article-title":"Coprological study of trematode infections and associated host risk factors in cattle during the dry season in and around Bahir Dar, northwest Ethiopia","volume":"7","author":"Aragaw","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2025.101082_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0231162","article-title":"A genetically unique Chinese cattle population shows evidence of common ancestry with wild species when analysed with a reduced ascertainment bias SNP panel","volume":"15","author":"Barbato","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2025.101082_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2014.0301","article-title":"Within-host competitive interactions as a mechanism for the maintenance of parasite diversity","volume":"370","author":"Bashey","year":"2015","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2025.101082_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1111\/ele.12428","article-title":"Linking anthropogenic resources to wildlife\u2013pathogen dynamics: a review and meta\u2010analysis","volume":"18","author":"Becker","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ecol. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2025.101082_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.1992.tb04607.x","article-title":"Population studies and reproduction of the feral cattle (Bos taurus) of Amsterdam Island, Indian Ocean","volume":"228","author":"Berteaux","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Zool."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2025.101082_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1007\/s10344-024-01767-6","article-title":"Seasonal variation of body condition in feral horses at Tornquist Park, Southern Pampas, Argentina","volume":"70","author":"Bostal","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Wildl. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2025.101082_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.32614\/RJ-2017-066","article-title":"glmmTMB balances speed and flexibility among packages for zero-inflated generalized linear mixed modeling","volume":"9","author":"Brooks","year":"2017","journal-title":"R J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2025.101082_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2435.12951","article-title":"Differential host responses to parasitism shape divergent fitness costs of infection","volume":"32","author":"Budischak","year":"2018","journal-title":"Funct. Ecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2025.101082_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2007.08.004","article-title":"Parasite co-infection and interaction as drivers of host heterogeneity","volume":"38","author":"Cattadori","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2025.101082_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1644\/08-MAMM-A-095.1","article-title":"An evaluation of long-term capture effects in Ursids: implications for wildlife welfare and research","volume":"89","author":"Cattet","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Mammal."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2025.101082_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1286","DOI":"10.1590\/1678-5150-pvb-5225","article-title":"Gastrointestinal and pulmonary nematodes in calves naturally infected in the cities of Botucatu and Manduri, in the Brazilian state of S\u00e3o Paulo. Pesqui","volume":"38","author":"Cezaro","year":"2018","journal-title":"Veterin\u00e1ria Bras"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2025.101082_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2656.13864","article-title":"Few studies of wild animal performance account for parasite infections: a systematic review","volume":"92","author":"Chr\u00e9tien","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Anim. Ecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2025.101082_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0120800","article-title":"Seasonal patterns of hormones, Macroparasites, and Microparasites in wild African ungulates: the interplay among stress, reproduction, and disease","volume":"10","author":"Cizauskas","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2025.101082_bib21","series-title":"The Buffaloes of China","author":"Cockrill","year":"1976"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2025.101082_bib22","first-page":"332","article-title":"Liver fluke in cattle and sheep: getting ahead of a rapidly adapting parasite","volume":"45","author":"Colston","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2025.101082_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2012.08.005","article-title":"Hormones, parasites and male mating tactics in Alpine chamois: identifying the mechanisms of life history trade-offs","volume":"84","author":"Corlatti","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anim. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2025.101082_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(01)00175-8","article-title":"Early immunodiagnosis of fasciolosis in ruminants using recombinant Fasciola hepatica cathepsin L-like protease","volume":"31","author":"Cornelissen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2025.101082_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182016000408","article-title":"Negative covariance between parasite load and body condition in a population of feral horses","volume":"143","author":"Debeffe","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2025.101082_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2018.11.010","article-title":"Influence of nutrition, body condition, and metabolic status on reproduction in female beef cattle: a review","volume":"125","author":"D'Occhio","year":"2019","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2025.101082_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2010.10.023","article-title":"Infections with gastrointestinal nematodes, Fasciola and Paramphistomum in cattle in Cambodia and their association with morbidity parameters","volume":"175","author":"Dorny","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2025.101082_bib28","series-title":"Ecological Study of Freshwater Wetland Habitats in Hong Kong","author":"Dudgeon","year":"1996"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2025.101082_bib29","series-title":"Hills and Streams: an Ecology of Hong Kong","author":"Dudgeon","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2025.101082_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2017.1241-1249","article-title":"Epidemiology of bovine fascioliasis in the Nile Delta region of Egypt: its prevalence, evaluation of risk factors, and its economic significance","volume":"10","author":"El-Tahawy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet. World"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2025.101082_bib31","series-title":"Nutrition and Infectious Diseases","first-page":"411","article-title":"Co-Infection and nutrition: integrating ecological and epidemiological perspectives","author":"Ezenwa","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2025.101082_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182002002913","article-title":"Habitat overlap and gastrointestinal parasitism in sympatric African bovids","volume":"126","author":"Ezenwa","year":"2003","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2025.101082_bib33","article-title":"Social living simultaneously increases infection risk and decreases the cost of infection","volume":"285","author":"Ezenwa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2025.101082_bib34","year":"2021","journal-title":"FAOSTAT"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2025.101082_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.12968\/live.2018.23.2.59","article-title":"Lungworm in cattle: epidemiology, pathology and immunobiology","volume":"23","author":"Forbes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Livestock"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2025.101082_bib36","series-title":"Ecological Statistics: Contemporary Theory and Application","author":"Fox","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2025.101082_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2008.01.031","article-title":"Parasitic infections in dairy cattle around Hanoi, northern Vietnam","volume":"153","author":"Geurden","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2025.101082_bib38","author":"Gibbons"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2025.101082_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2204892120","article-title":"The global biomass of wild mammals","volume":"120","author":"Greenspoon","year":"2023","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2025.101082_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1007\/s10682-011-9526-2","article-title":"Community structure and the spread of infectious disease in primate social networks","volume":"26","author":"Griffin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Evol. Ecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2025.101082_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-018-0505-5","article-title":"Morphological and molecular characterization of invasive Biomphalaria straminea in southern China","volume":"7","author":"Habib","year":"2018","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Poverty"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2025.101082_bib42","article-title":"Conservation of rare wild\u2010living cattle Bos taurus (L.): coat colour gene illuminates breed history, and associated reproductive anomalies have not reduced herd fertility","volume":"12929","author":"Hall","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Zool. jzo"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2025.101082_bib43","series-title":"The Epidemiology, Diagnosis and Control of Helminth Parasites of Ruminants. A Handbook","author":"Hansen","year":"1994"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2025.101082_bib44","author":"Hau","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2025.101082_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1002\/bimj.201700067","article-title":"Variable selection \u2013 a review and recommendations for the practicing statistician","volume":"60","author":"Heinze","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biom. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2025.101082_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e98","DOI":"10.24072\/pcjournal.479","article-title":"Body mass change over winter is consistently sex-specific across roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) populations","volume":"4","author":"Hewison","year":"2024","journal-title":"Peer Community J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2025.101082_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2007.07.006","article-title":"Effects of supplemental feeding on gastrointestinal parasite infection in elk (Cervus elaphus): preliminary observations","volume":"148","author":"Hines","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2025.101082_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2023.12.020","article-title":"Sex and dominance status affect allogrooming in free-ranging feral cattle","volume":"210","author":"Hodgson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Anim. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2025.101082_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S25","DOI":"10.1186\/1751-0147-52-S1-S25","article-title":"Parasite surveillance and novel use of anthelmintics in cattle","volume":"52","author":"H\u00f6glund","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Vet. Scand."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2025.101082_bib50","series-title":"Epidemiology of Internal Parasites on Swiss Organic Dairy Farms and Phytotherapy as a Possible Worm Control Strategy (Doctoral Dissertation)","author":"H\u00f6rdegen","year":"2005"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2025.101082_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1623","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0258(19980730)17:14<1623::AID-SIM871>3.0.CO;2-S","article-title":"A simple method of sample size calculation for linear and logistic regression","volume":"17","author":"Hsieh","year":"1998","journal-title":"Stat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2025.101082_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2012.10.004","article-title":"Investigation of gastrointestinal parasites of dairy cattle around Taiwan","volume":"47","author":"Huang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Immunol. Infect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2025.101082_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11883","article-title":"Biodiversity decreases disease through predictable changes in host community competence","volume":"494","author":"Johnson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2025.101082_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1179\/1461410312Z.0000000001","article-title":"A review of published sources for age at death in cattle","volume":"17","author":"Jones","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Archaeol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2025.101082_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-006-0148-5","article-title":"A preliminary survey of gastrointestinal and haemoparasites of beef cattle in the tropical livestock farming system in Nan Province, northern Thailand","volume":"99","author":"Kaewthamasorn","year":"2006","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2025.101082_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/srep31314","article-title":"Declining ecosystem health and the dilution effect","volume":"6","author":"Khalil","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2025.101082_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1007\/s13364-019-00423-8","article-title":"Factors affecting the spread of parasites in populations of wild European terrestrial mammals","volume":"64","author":"Ko\u0142odziej-Soboci\u0144ska","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mammal Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2025.101082_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2117381119","article-title":"Sublethal effects of parasitism on ruminants can have cascading consequences for ecosystems","volume":"119","author":"Koltz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2025.101082_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.9041","article-title":"Monitoring body condition score of reintroduced banteng (Bos javanicus D'Alton, 1923) into Salakphra Wildlife Sanctuary, Thailand","volume":"8","author":"Kongsurakan","year":"2020","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2025.101082_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2007.04.022","article-title":"Co-occurrences of parasite clones and altered host phenotype in a snail\u2013trematode system","volume":"37","author":"Lagrue","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2025.101082_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2008.04.006","article-title":"Intra- and interspecific competition among helminth parasites: effects on Coitocaecum parvum life history strategy, size and fecundity","volume":"38","author":"Lagrue","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2025.101082_bib62","series-title":"Feral Cattle Care and Welfare Issues in Sai Kung","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2025.101082_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2010.11.004","article-title":"Intra-host competition between co-infecting digeneans within a bivalve second intermediate host: dominance by priority-effect or taking advantage of others?","volume":"41","author":"Leung","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2025.101082_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.3390\/d15050672","article-title":"Diversity and distribution of helminths in wild ruminants of the Russian Arctic: Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus), Muskoxen (Ovibos moschatus), and snow sheep (Ovis nivicola)","volume":"15","author":"Loginova","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diversity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2025.101082_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/571939","article-title":"Infectious disease, endangerment, and extinction","volume":"2013","author":"MacPhee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Evol. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2025.101082_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2022.e09212","article-title":"Assessment of indigenous Shaka cattle structural indices reared in Shaka zone, south west Ethiopia","volume":"8","author":"Masho","year":"2022","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2025.101082_bib67","article-title":"The somatic cost of reproduction: what determines reproductive effort in prime-aged fallow bucks?","author":"McElligott","year":"2003","journal-title":"Evol. Ecol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2025.101082_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-39.1.84","article-title":"Evaluation of the influence of supplemental feeding of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) on the prevalence of bovine tuberculosis in the Michigan wild deer population","volume":"39","author":"Miller","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2025.101082_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1322","DOI":"10.1002\/jwmg.798","article-title":"To feed or not to feed? Evidence of the intended and unintended effects of feeding wild ungulates: effects of Feeding Ungulates","volume":"78","author":"Milner","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Manag."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2025.101082_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2010\/428593","article-title":"Immunity against helminths: interactions with the host and the intercurrent infections","volume":"2010","author":"Moreau","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Biotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2025.101082_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2019.03.007","article-title":"Parasite community structure as a predictor of host population structure: an example using Callorhinchus capensis","volume":"8","author":"Morris","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol. Parasites Wildl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2025.101082_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00664","article-title":"Helminth infections: recognition and modulation of the immune response by innate immune cells","volume":"9","author":"Motran","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2025.101082_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2435.13313","article-title":"Exposure and susceptibility drive reinfection with gastrointestinal parasites in a social primate","volume":"33","author":"M\u00fcller\u2010Klein","year":"2019","journal-title":"Funct. Ecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2025.101082_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2016.10.034","article-title":"Wildlife health and supplemental feeding: a review and management recommendations","volume":"204","author":"Murray","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biol. Conserv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2025.101082_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1649","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-019-02172-x","article-title":"Applicability of teeth examination as a tool for age estimation in a semi-arid cattle production environment in Namibia","volume":"52","author":"Mushonga","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trop. Anim. Health Prod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2025.101082_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2013.02.019","article-title":"Supplemental feeding drives endoparasite infection in wild boar in Western Spain","volume":"196","author":"Navarro-Gonzalez","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2025.101082_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.9893","article-title":"Spatial ecology of little egret (Egretta garzetta) in Hong Kong uncovers preference for commercial fishponds","volume":"8","author":"Pang","year":"2020","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2025.101082_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182019001653","article-title":"Strongylid infection varies with age, sex, movement and social factors in wild African elephants","volume":"147","author":"Parker","year":"2020","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2025.101082_bib79","series-title":"Diseases of Cattle in Australasia","author":"Parkinson","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2025.101082_bib80","series-title":"Pilot Point, TX","article-title":"Guide to bovine clinics","author":"Pasquini","year":"2004"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2025.101082_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1080\/09291016.2019.1628401","article-title":"Incidence of ecto-and endo-parasitic fauna in small wild ruminants from North Eastern region of India","volume":"53","author":"Patra","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biol. Rhythm Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2025.101082_bib82","first-page":"253","article-title":"The larger mammal fauna of Hong Kong: species survival in a highly degraded landscape","volume":"49","author":"Pei","year":"2010","journal-title":"Zool. Stud."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2025.101082_bib83","author":"Perroux"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2025.101082_bib84","article-title":"Seasonal changes in coat colour and sexual size dimorphism in a subtropical ungulate","author":"Perroux","year":"2025","journal-title":"bioRxiv. Preprint"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2025.101082_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2581","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11092581","article-title":"A comparison of the prevalence of the parasites of the digestive tract in goats from organic and conventional farms","volume":"11","author":"Pilarczyk","year":"2021","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2025.101082_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0272604","article-title":"Long-term effect of a GnRH-based immunocontraceptive on feral cattle in Hong Kong","volume":"17","author":"Pinkham","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2025.101082_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00330018","article-title":"Richness, nestedness, and randomness in parasite infracommunity structure","volume":"105","author":"Poulin","year":"1996","journal-title":"Oecologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2025.101082_bib88","series-title":"R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2025.101082_bib89","series-title":"Veterinary Medicine: a Textbook of the Diseases of Cattle, Sheep, Pigs, Goats, and Horses","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2025.101082_bib90","first-page":"88","article-title":"Epidemiology of gastrointestinal parasitism in cattle in Sikkim","volume":"151","author":"Rahman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Indian J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2025.101082_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1869","DOI":"10.1111\/ele.13160","article-title":"On the relationship between body condition and parasite infection in wildlife: a review and meta\u2010analysis","volume":"21","author":"S\u00e1nchez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ecol. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2025.101082_bib92","article-title":"Metrics matter: the effect of parasite richness, intensity and prevalence on the evolution of host migration","volume":"285","author":"Shaw","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2025.101082_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1007\/s12639-012-0119-y","article-title":"Prevalence of parasitic infections in cattle of Ludhiana district, Punjab","volume":"36","author":"Singh","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Parasit. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2025.101082_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1934","DOI":"10.1002\/aqc.3442","article-title":"Conservation management of abandoned paddy fields in Asia: semi\u2010natural marshes with low\u2010intensity bovid grazing have higher biodiversity","volume":"30","author":"So","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aquat. Conserv. Mar. Freshw. Ecosyst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2025.101082_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2018.01.023","article-title":"Gastro-intestinal parasite infections of Ankole cattle in an unhealthy landscape: an assessment of ecological predictors","volume":"252","author":"Sun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2025.101082_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1713","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2435.14065","article-title":"Exposure and susceptibility: the twin pillars of infection","volume":"36","author":"Sweeny","year":"2022","journal-title":"Funct. Ecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2025.101082_bib97","first-page":"604","article-title":"Protozoal disease in cattle and sheep","volume":"22","author":"Taylor","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2025.101082_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1007\/s12639-022-01499-x","article-title":"Prevalence and burden of gastrointestinal parasites in stray cattle of the Kathmandu Valley","volume":"46","author":"Thapa","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Parasit. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2025.101082_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2013.06.007","article-title":"Parasite zoonoses and wildlife: one health, spillover and human activity","volume":"43","author":"Thompson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2025.101082_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2010.04.009","article-title":"Parasites, emerging disease and wildlife conservation","volume":"40","author":"Thompson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2025.101082_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0076324","article-title":"Parasite Co-infections and their impact on survival of indigenous cattle","volume":"9","author":"Thumbi","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2025.101082_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/eap.2422","article-title":"The effects of herbivore aggregations at water sources on savanna plants differ across soil and climate gradients","volume":"31","author":"Titcomb","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecol. Appl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2025.101082_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.56808\/2985-1130.2386","article-title":"Prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in yellow cattle between Taiwan and its Offshore Islands","volume":"42","author":"Tung","year":"2012","journal-title":"Thai J. Vet. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2025.101082_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1108","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-46.4.1108","article-title":"Seasonal and demographic factors influencing gastrointestinal parasitism in ungulates of Etosha National Park","volume":"46","author":"Turner","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2025.101082_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2656.2011.01892.x","article-title":"Synergistic effects of seasonal rainfall, parasites and demography on fluctuations in springbok body condition","volume":"81","author":"Turner","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Anim. Ecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2025.101082_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0308543","article-title":"Evaluating variable selection methods for multivariable regression models: a simulation study protocol","volume":"19","author":"Ullmann","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2025.101082_bib107","article-title":"History, morphology and ecology of the aurochs","volume":"45","author":"Van Vuure","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lutra"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2025.101082_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4102\/ojvr.v80i1.539","article-title":"Morphological identification of parasitic nematode infective larvae of small ruminants and cattle: a practical lab guide","volume":"80","author":"Van Wyk","year":"2013","journal-title":"Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2025.101082_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2019.12.003","article-title":"Diagnostic methods for detecting internal parasites of livestock","volume":"36","author":"Verocai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. North Am. Food Anim. Pract."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2025.101082_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1007\/s00442-007-0690-6","article-title":"The importance of parasite life history and host density in predicting the impact of infections in red deer","volume":"152","author":"Vicente","year":"2007","journal-title":"Oecologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2025.101082_bib111","series-title":"The Story of a Vanished Creature: Extinction Dynamics of the Aurochs from the Territory of Present-Day Serbia","first-page":"221","author":"Vukovi\u0107","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2025.101082_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7368","DOI":"10.48048\/tis.2024.7368","article-title":"Prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in free-ranging bantengs (Bos javanicus) and domestic cattle at a wildlife and livestock interface in Thailand","volume":"21","author":"Watwiengkam","year":"2024","journal-title":"Trends Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2025.101082_bib113","first-page":"1","article-title":"Live weight and body condition score of mixed-aged beef breeding cows on commercial hill country farms in New Zealand","author":"Weik","year":"2021","journal-title":"N. Z. J. Agric. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2025.101082_bib114","series-title":"Utilization of Wetlands by Ardeids in Starling Inlet, Hong Kong: a Year-Round Study and a Comparison between the Census and Flight-Line Methods","first-page":"153","author":"Wong","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2025.101082_bib115","series-title":"Labscope","author":"Zeiss","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2025.101082_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/13675494251322107","article-title":"Free-roaming bovids in Hong Kong, worlding the more-than-human care","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cult. Stud. 13675494251322107"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2025.101082_bib117","series-title":"Beginner's Guide to Zero-Inflated Models with R","author":"Zuur","year":"2016"}],"container-title":["International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2213224425000471?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2213224425000471?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]],"date-time":"2025-09-24T02:00:11Z","timestamp":1758679211000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2213224425000471"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"references-count":117,"alternative-id":["S2213224425000471"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2025.101082","relation":{},"ISSN":["2213-2244"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2213-2244","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Epidemiology and risk factors for endoparasite infection in subtropical feral cattle in Hong Kong","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2025.101082","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of Australian Society for Parasitology.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"101082"}}