{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,19]],"date-time":"2026-04-19T20:38:47Z","timestamp":1776631127369,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":285,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769558400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T16:53:43Z","timestamp":1769705623000},"page":"101202","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["A comprehensive review of Onchocercidae nematodes (Nematoda; Filarioidea) infecting wild ruminant ungulates of North and Central America"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Matthew","family":"Kulpa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4543-7105","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guilherme G.","family":"Verocai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S85","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000085103","article-title":"Evolutionary factors influencing the nature of parasite specificity","volume":"109","author":"Adamson","year":"1994","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib2","first-page":"48","article-title":"Elaeophoriasis in elk (Cervus canadensis)","volume":"1","author":"Adcock","year":"1965","journal-title":"Bull. Wildl. Dis. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib3","first-page":"185","article-title":"Vascular and neuro-ophthalmic pathology of elaeophorosis in elk","volume":"6","author":"Adcock","year":"1969","journal-title":"Pathol. Vet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib4","series-title":"The Black Flies (Simuliidae) of North America","author":"Adler","year":"2004"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-011-2486-1","article-title":"Phylogenetic study of Setaria cervi based on mitochondrial cox1 gene sequences","volume":"110","author":"Alasaad","year":"2012","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib6","first-page":"57","article-title":"The helminth and arthropod parasites of the white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus): a general review","volume":"34","author":"Anderson","year":"1962","journal-title":"Trans. R. Can. Inst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib7","series-title":"Nematode Parasites of Vertebrates: Their Development and Transmission","author":"Anderson","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib8","series-title":"Parasitic Diseases of Wild Mammals","first-page":"342","article-title":"Filarioid nematodes","author":"Anderson","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib9","first-page":"199","article-title":"A new record of a deer parasite for California","volume":"2","author":"Annereaux","year":"1941","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2020.04.002","article-title":"The global status of Dirofilaria immitis in dogs: a systematic review and meta-analysis based on published articles","volume":"131","author":"Anvari","year":"2020","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib12","series-title":"Bison bison (Errata Version Published in 2018)","article-title":"The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017: e.T2815A123789863","author":"Aune","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/1970454431","article-title":"Morphologie larvaire de Setaria labiatopapillosa (Nematoda, Filarioidea) chez Aedes aegypti","volume":"45","author":"Bain","year":"1970","journal-title":"Ann. Parasitol. Hum. Comp."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib14","series-title":"Origin, Classification and Distribution. White-tailed Deer: Ecology and Management","author":"Baker","year":"1984"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib15","series-title":"A Revision of the Reindeer and Caribou, Genus Rangifer. 66. Queen's Printer","author":"Banfield","year":"1961"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib16","article-title":"Interrelationships of weather, fire and moose on the Kenai national moose range, Alaska","volume":"16","author":"Bangs","year":"1980","journal-title":"Alces"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib17","first-page":"409","article-title":"Comparative studies on the chemotherapy of experimental Setaria cervi infection","volume":"25","author":"Baqui","year":"1976","journal-title":"\u5bc4\u751f\u866b\u5b66\u96d1\u8a8c"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-6.1.56","article-title":"A comparative study of the parasites in two populations of white-tailed deer","volume":"6","author":"Beaudoin","year":"1970","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.2307\/3276639","article-title":"Parasites of Ovis canadensis canadensis in Montana, with a checklist of the internal and external parasites of the Rocky Mountain bighorn sheep in North America","author":"Becklund","year":"1967","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.2307\/3277411","article-title":"Taxonomy, hosts, and geographic distribution of the Setaria (Nematoda: Filarioidea) in the United States and Canada","author":"Becklund","year":"1969","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib21","author":"Bello"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0278886","article-title":"Sores of boreal moose reveal a previously unknown genetic lineage of parasitic nematode within the genus Onchocerca","volume":"18","author":"Benedict","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638716669388","article-title":"Elaeophora in the meninges of a Malayan sambar (Rusa unicolor equina)","volume":"28","author":"Bernard","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Vet. Diagn. Invest."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S26","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182014000791","article-title":"The evolution of parasitism in Nematoda","volume":"142","author":"Blaxter","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.2307\/3277177","article-title":"Helminths of big game mammals in South Dakota","author":"Boddicker","year":"1969","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2307\/3504164","article-title":"Ovis dalli","author":"Bowyer","year":"1992","journal-title":"Mamm. Species"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib27","series-title":"Ecology and Management of Large Mammals in North America","article-title":"Dall's and Stone's sheep","author":"Bowyer","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-35.4.786","article-title":"Elaeophorosis in bighorn sheep in New Mexico","volume":"35","author":"Boyce","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib29","series-title":"Cervus Canadensis (Errata Version Published in 2019)","article-title":"The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018: e.T55997823A142396828","author":"Brook","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2007.08.016","article-title":"How will global climate change affect parasite\u2013host assemblages?","volume":"23","author":"Brooks","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib31","first-page":"132","article-title":"A deer study in a redwood-Douglas fir forest type","volume":"50","author":"Browning","year":"1964","journal-title":"Calif. Fish Game"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1093\/jmammal\/gyw011","article-title":"Phylogeographic and population genetic structure of bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) in North American deserts","volume":"97","author":"Buchalski","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Mammal."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib33","first-page":"230","article-title":"Bureau of game","author":"Bump","year":"1940","journal-title":"29th Ann. Rep. New York State Conservation Dept"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib34","first-page":"1930","article-title":"Onchocerca flexuosa (in a deer shot in Broadwater County)","author":"Butler","year":"1936","journal-title":"Rep Montana Livestock San. Bd. and State Vet. Surg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib35","series-title":"Handbook of the Mammals of the World. Vol. 2 Hoofed Mammals","first-page":"780","article-title":"Antilocapridae (pronghorn)","author":"Byers","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib36","series-title":"Estudios helmintol\u00f3gicos de la regi\u00f3n oncocercosa de M\u00e9xico y la rep\u00fablica de Guatemala. Nematoda, 4ta Parte. Filarioidea III","first-page":"137","author":"Caballero","year":"1948"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib37","first-page":"557","article-title":"Morfologia y posicion sistematica de Onchocerca cervipedis","volume":"4","author":"Caballero","year":"1954","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(97)00081-7","article-title":"Mosquitoes as vectors of Setaria labiatopapillosa","volume":"27","author":"Cancrini","year":"1997","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ983","article-title":"The emergence of zoonotic Onchocerca lupi infection in the United States\u2013a case-series","volume":"62","author":"Cantey","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ983","article-title":"The emergence of zoonotic Onchocerca lupi infection in the United States\u2013a case-series","volume":"62","author":"Cantey","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib41","first-page":"177","article-title":"Parelaphostrongylus tenuis (Nematoda : protostrongylidae) and other parasites of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in Costa Rica","volume":"68","author":"Carreno","year":"2001","journal-title":"Comp. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2003.10.004","article-title":"Mapping the presence of Wolbachia pipientis on the phylogeny of filarial nematodes: evidence for symbiont loss during evolution","volume":"34","author":"Casiraghi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib43","article-title":"What lies behind the curtain: cryptic diversity in helminth parasites of human and veterinary importance","volume":"2","author":"Ch\u00e1ves-Gonz\u00e1lez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Res. Parasitol. Vector Borne Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib44","series-title":"New York State Conservation Department, Division of Fish and Game, Bureau of Fish and Wildlife Investigations","first-page":"1","article-title":"Disease and parasite investigations","author":"Cheatum","year":"1952"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib45","volume":"247","author":"Clark","year":"1994"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib46","first-page":"6","article-title":"Investigation of the large game situation in California with special reference to deer","volume":"1","author":"Clarke","year":"1913","journal-title":"Game Bulletin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib47","series-title":"Ecological Regions of North America: toward a Common Perspective","year":"1997"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ympev.2014.05.001","article-title":"The speciation continuum: population structure, gene flow, and maternal ancestry in the Simulium arcticum complex (Diptera: Simuliidae)","volume":"78","author":"Conflitti","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Phylogenet. Evol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib49","series-title":"Gastro-Intestinal and Abdominal Helminths of White-Tailed Deer (Odocoileus Virginianus) in Southern Illinois","author":"Cook","year":"1979"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib50","series-title":"Canadian Wildlife Species at Risk","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-20.1.59","article-title":"Intermediate hosts of Elaeophora schneideri Wehr and Dikmans, 1935 on south island, South Carolina","volume":"20","author":"Couvillion","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-21.4.451","article-title":"Distribution of Elaeophora schneideri in white-tailed deer in the southeastern United States, 1962\u20131983","volume":"21","author":"Couvillion","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-22.2.214","article-title":"Elaeophorosis in white-tailed deer: pathology of the natural disease and its relation to oral food impactions","volume":"22","author":"Couvillion","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib54","first-page":"71","article-title":"Parasites, diseases, injuries, and anomalies of the Columbian black-tailed deer, Odocoileus hemionus columbianus (Richardson), in British Columbia. Can","volume":"24","author":"Cowan","year":"1946","journal-title":"J. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib55","article-title":"The diseases and parasites of big game mammals of western Canada. Province of British Columbia, Ministry of Recreation and Conservation","author":"Cowan","year":"1951","journal-title":"Fish and Wildlife Branch"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib56","series-title":"The Deer of North America","first-page":"523","article-title":"Life and times of the coast black-tailed deer","author":"Cowan","year":"1956"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.2307\/1378532","article-title":"Variation in the mountain goat, Oreamnos americanus (Blainville)","volume":"51","author":"Cowan","year":"1970","journal-title":"J. Mammal."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1007\/s13280-019-01205-x","article-title":"Muskox status, recent variation, and uncertain future","volume":"49","author":"Cuyler","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ambio"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-21.2.153","article-title":"Parasites, diseases, and health status of sympatric populations of fallow deer and white-tailed deer in Kentucky","volume":"21","author":"Davidson","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-23.2.267","article-title":"Parasites, diseases and health status of sympatric populations of sambar deer and white-tailed deer in Florida","volume":"23","author":"Davidson","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1461-0248.2004.00693.x","article-title":"Mechanisms of disease\u2010induced extinction","volume":"8","author":"De Castro","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ecol. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.7589\/JWD-D-22-00075","article-title":"Prevalence and mortality of moose (Alces alces) infected with Elaeophora schneideri in Montana, USA","volume":"59","author":"DeCesare","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib63","first-page":"335","article-title":"Wzrost zarazenia zubrow w Puszczy Bialowieskiej nicieniami Setaria labiatopapillosa","volume":"53","author":"Demiaszkiewicz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Wiad. Parazytol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib64","first-page":"540","article-title":"The foot-worm disease in deer of the northern Rocky Mountain region","volume":"40","author":"DeNio","year":"1942","journal-title":"J. For."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib65","series-title":"Contribution \u00e0 la syst\u00e9matique des Filaires du genre \"Setaria\"; valeur des di\u00e9rides. \u00c9ditions du Mus\u00e9um (impr. Lahure)","author":"Desset","year":"1966"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-7.4.242","article-title":"The occurrence of Setaria in reindeer","volume":"7","author":"Dieterich","year":"1971","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib67","first-page":"246","article-title":"Onchocerca flexuosa from the subcutaneous tissues of an antelope and subcutaneous abscesses of a deer","volume":"19","author":"Dikmans","year":"1933","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib68","first-page":"34","article-title":"A note on the caudal papillae of the male of Wehrdikmansia cervipedis (Wehr and Dikmans, 1935) Caballero, 1945","volume":"14","author":"Dikmans","year":"1947","journal-title":"Proc Helmintholo. Soc. Wash"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib69","first-page":"3","article-title":"Studies on the condition of California mule deer at sequoia national Park","volume":"31","author":"Dixon","year":"1945","journal-title":"Calif. Fish Game"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2020.108639","article-title":"Range-wide monitoring of population trends for Rocky Mountain bighorn sheep","volume":"248","author":"Donovan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biol. Conserv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib71","first-page":"252","article-title":"Elaeophora schneideri Wehr and Dikmans 1935 (Nematoda, Filarioidea) in California sheep","volume":"44","author":"Douglas","year":"1954","journal-title":"Cornell Vet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib72","series-title":"Mazama americana. e.T29619A22154827","author":"Duarte","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib73","series-title":"Division of Animal Husbandry., 21","first-page":"352","author":"Duckworth","year":"1941"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib74","series-title":"Distribution and Density of Setaria yehi Microfilaria in Alaska Moose, 55th Annual Meeting of the Wildlife Dease Association","author":"Dullen","year":"2006"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-2712(18)30531-6","article-title":"Laboratory diagnosis of filariasis","volume":"11","author":"Eberhard","year":"1991","journal-title":"Clin. Lab. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib76","first-page":"137","article-title":"A comparison of parasitic infestations of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) from central and east Texas","volume":"5","author":"Emerson","year":"1969","journal-title":"Bull. Wildl. Dis. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib77","first-page":"6","article-title":"New data on the biology and localisation of nematode Setaria labiatopapillosa (Alessandrini, 1838)","author":"Ergashevna","year":"2018","journal-title":"European Sci. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2307\/3272989","article-title":"Parasites of the woodland caribou","volume":"28","author":"Erickson","year":"1942","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mambio.2016.02.003","article-title":"First phylogenetic analysis of Mesoamerican brocket deer Mazama pandora and Mazama temama (Cetartiodactyla: Cervidae) based on mitochondrial sequences: implications for Neotropical deer evolution","volume":"81","author":"Escobedo-Morales","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mamm. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib80","series-title":"Wild Mammals of North America: Biology, Management, and Conservation","author":"Feldhamer","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib81","author":"Festa-Bianchet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib82","author":"Festa-Bianchet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib83","author":"Festa-Bianchet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-15.1.55","article-title":"Elaeophora schneideri in a white-tailed deer from Texas","volume":"15","author":"Foreyt","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-40.3.434","article-title":"Evaluation of ivermectin for treatment of hair loss syndrome in black-tailed deer","volume":"40","author":"Foreyt","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib86","series-title":"Parasites and Diseases of Wild Mammals in Florida","author":"Forrester","year":"1992"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2307\/3503876","article-title":"Alces alces","author":"Franzmann","year":"1981","journal-title":"Mamm. Species"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib88","series-title":"Brocket Deer, Ecology and Conservation of Tropical Ungulates in Latin America","first-page":"395","author":"Gallina-Tessaro","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib89","author":"Gallina"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib90","series-title":"Proceedings of the Second International bison Conference","first-page":"82","article-title":"Wood bison recovery: restoring grazing systems in Canada, Alaska, and Eastern Siberia, Bison are back-2000","author":"Gates","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1006\/mpev.1997.0402","article-title":"A cladistic analysis of mitochondrial ribosomal DNA from the Bovidae","volume":"7","author":"Gatesy","year":"1997","journal-title":"Mol. Phylogenet. Evol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib92","series-title":"Deer of the World: Their Evolution, Behaviour, and Ecology","author":"Geist","year":"1998"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1002\/wsb.638","article-title":"Diseases associated with translocation of captive cervids in North America","volume":"40","author":"Gerhold","year":"2016","journal-title":"Wildl. Soc. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib94","series-title":"Epidemiology of Select Species of Filarial Nematodes in Free-Ranging Moose (Alces alces) of North America","author":"Grunenwald","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1740-x","article-title":"Epidemiology of the lymphatic-dwelling filarioid nematode Rumenfilaria andersoni in free-ranging moose (Alces alces) and other cervids of North America","volume":"9","author":"Grunenwald","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-018-3077-0","article-title":"Emergence of the arterial worm Elaeophora schneideri in moose (Alces alces) and tabanid fly vectors in northeastern Minnesota, USA","volume":"11","author":"Grunenwald","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib97","first-page":"117","article-title":"Subclinical parasitism and ruminant foraging strategies: a review","author":"Gunn","year":"2003","journal-title":"Wildl. Soc. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib98","series-title":"Ovibos moschatus (Errata Version Published in 2016)","article-title":"The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2022: e.T29684A22149286","author":"Gunn","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib99","series-title":"Muskoxen. Arctic Report Card","author":"Gunn","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib100","first-page":"31","article-title":"Death on the steppe: the case of the frozen bison","volume":"127","author":"Guthrie","year":"1990","journal-title":"N. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib101","first-page":"55","article-title":"Bison and man in North America. Canad","volume":"1","author":"Guthrie","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Anthropol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.3897\/zookeys.697.15124","article-title":"A gene-tree test of the traditional taxonomy of American deer: the importance of voucher specimens, geographic data, and dense sampling","volume":"697","author":"Guti\u00e9rrez","year":"2017","journal-title":"ZooKeys"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.7589\/JWD-D-23-00112","article-title":"Geographic distribution and neuropathology of Elaeophora schneideri in Shiras moose (Alces alces shirasi) in Idaho, USA","volume":"60","author":"Haake","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib104","series-title":"The Mammals of North America. 2 Vols","author":"Hall","year":"1959"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib105","first-page":"1","volume":"1","author":"Hall","year":"1981"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib106","series-title":"White-Tailed Deer. Big Game of North America","first-page":"43","author":"Halls","year":"1978"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib107","series-title":"Transactions of the North American Wildlife Conference","first-page":"568","article-title":"Factors influencing mule deer on Arizona brushlands","author":"Hanson","year":"1955"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(51)80003-8","article-title":"The periodicity of microfilariae: I. The distribution of microfilariae in the body","volume":"45","author":"Hawking","year":"1951","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib109","series-title":"Wildlife Production Systems: Economic Utilisation of Wild Ungulates","first-page":"346","article-title":"Bison farming in North America","author":"Hawley","year":"1989"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib110","first-page":"35","article-title":"Distribution and prevalence of Elaeophora schneideri in moose in Wyoming","volume":"48","author":"Henningsen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Alces"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib111","first-page":"201","article-title":"Some worm parasites of deer in California","volume":"31","author":"Herman","year":"1945","journal-title":"Calif. Fish Game"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib112","first-page":"182","article-title":"The foot worm parasite of deer","volume":"32","author":"Herman","year":"1946","journal-title":"Calif. Fish Game"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib113","first-page":"54","article-title":"Further observations on deer foot worm infection","volume":"33","author":"Herman","year":"1947","journal-title":"Calif. Fish Game"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib114","first-page":"27","article-title":"Elaeophorosis in deer and elk in the gila forest, New Mexico","volume":"5","author":"Hibler","year":"1969","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-6.2.110","article-title":"Experimental infection of domestic sheep and mule deer with Elaeophora schneideri Wehr and Dikmans, 1935","volume":"6","author":"Hibler","year":"1970","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-7.1.43","article-title":"Observations on horseflies infected with larvae of Elaeophora schneideri","volume":"7","author":"Hibler","year":"1971","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib117","series-title":"Filarial Nematodes of White-Tailed Deer [Odocoileus Virginianus]","author":"Hibler","year":"1981"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib118","first-page":"44","article-title":"Description of the microfilaria of Wehrdikmansia cervipedis (Wehr and Dikmans, 1935) and observations on its location in Arizona deer","volume":"1","author":"Hibler","year":"1965","journal-title":"Bull. Wildl. Dis. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib119","series-title":"Redescription of Elaeophora schneideri Wehr and Dikmans, 1935 (Nematoda: Filarioidea)","first-page":"1095","author":"Hibler","year":"1968"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib120","series-title":"Elaeophorosis. Parasitic Diseases of Wild Mammals","first-page":"263","article-title":"Elaeophorosis. Parasitic diseases of wild mammals","author":"Hibler","year":"1971"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-10.1.44","article-title":"Experimental infection of immature mule deer with Elaeophora schneideri","volume":"10","author":"Hibler","year":"1974","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-10.4.361","article-title":"Morphology of the larval stages of Elaeophora schneideri in the intermediate and definitive hosts with some observations on their pathogenesis in abnormal definitive hosts","volume":"10","author":"Hibler","year":"1974","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.29.2.1972","article-title":"Invasive processes, mosaics and the structure of helminth parasite faunas","volume":"29","author":"Hoberg","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rev. Sci. Tech. OIE"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1533","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2699.2008.01951.x","article-title":"A macroevolutionary mosaic: episodic host\u2010switching, geographical colonization and diversification in complex host\u2013parasite systems","volume":"35","author":"Hoberg","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Biogeogr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib125","first-page":"20","article-title":"Beyond vicariance: integrating taxon pulses, ecological fitting, and oscillation in evolution and historical biogeography","volume":"7","author":"Hoberg","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bbiog. Host-Parasite Interact."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-398457-9.00001-9","article-title":"Northern host\u2013parasite assemblages: history and biogeography on the borderlands of episodic climate and environmental transition","volume":"79","author":"Hoberg","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib127","first-page":"1","article-title":"The DAMA protocol, an introduction: finding pathogens before they find us. Manter","volume":"21","author":"Hoberg","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Parasite Biodiver."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.326.7382.207","article-title":"Onchocerciasis","volume":"326","author":"Hoerauf","year":"2003","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3024.2005.00792.x","article-title":"Immunomodulation by filarial nematodes","volume":"27","author":"Hoerauf","year":"2005","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-24.2.371","article-title":"Parasites of moose (Alces alces) from an agricultural area of eastern Ontario","volume":"24","author":"Hoeve","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib131","first-page":"1","article-title":"Oreamos americanus","volume":"63","author":"Hoffman","year":"1975","journal-title":"Mamm. Species"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib132","article-title":"Diseases of wildlife in Wyoming","author":"Honess","year":"1956","journal-title":"Bulletin. Wyoming Game Fish Comm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2006.04.007","article-title":"Is a healthy ecosystem one that is rich in parasites?","volume":"21","author":"Hudson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trends Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib134","author":"Hundertmark"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1006\/mpev.2001.1058","article-title":"Mitochondrial phylogeography of moose (Alces alces): late Pleistocene divergence and population expansion","volume":"22","author":"Hundertmark","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mol. Phylogenet. Evol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib136","series-title":"Antilocapra americana (Errata Version Published in 2017)","article-title":"The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T1677A115056938","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib138","first-page":"491","volume":"1","author":"Janis","year":"1998"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib139","first-page":"3","article-title":"Prevalence of Elaeophora schneideri and Onchocerca cervipedis in mule deer from central Utah","volume":"42","author":"Jensen","year":"1982","journal-title":"Great Basin Nat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1111\/ele.12609","article-title":"Habitat heterogeneity drives the host\u2010diversity\u2010begets\u2010parasite\u2010diversity relationship: evidence from experimental and field studies","volume":"19","author":"Johnson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ecol. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib141","first-page":"363","article-title":"The parasitic fauna of the European bison (Bison bonasus)(Linnaeus, 1758) and their impact on the conservation. Part 1 the summarising list of parasites noted","volume":"59","author":"Karbowiak","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib142","series-title":"Ecology and Management of the North American Moose","first-page":"125","article-title":"Population distribution, density and trends","author":"Karns","year":"1998"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib143","series-title":"Mammals of North America. 58","author":"Kays","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-025-06988-5","article-title":"Prevalence of Onchocerca lupi in shelter dogs from an endemic region of the Southwestern USA","volume":"18","author":"Kelly","year":"2025","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib145","series-title":"The Migratory Barren-Ground Caribou of Canada. 3. Queen's Printer","author":"Kelsall","year":"1968"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib146","first-page":"220","article-title":"Filarial dermatosis of sheep","volume":"130","author":"Kemper","year":"1957","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib147","first-page":"195","article-title":"Studies on vector screening for Setaria cervi microfilariae","volume":"27","author":"Khan","year":"1990","journal-title":"Helminthologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib148","series-title":"Ecology and Management of Large Mammals in North America","first-page":"629","article-title":"Mule and black-tailed deer","author":"Kie","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1749","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1311.070017","article-title":"Onchocerca jakutensis filariasis in humans","volume":"13","author":"Koehsler","year":"2007","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.24-0795","article-title":"Recurrence or Reinfection with Onchocerca lupi in a child in 2021 and 2024 in New Mexico amid rising canine infections","volume":"113","author":"Kraai","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib151","series-title":"Wildlife and Landscape Ecology","first-page":"349","article-title":"The influence of landscape scale on the management of desert bighorn sheep","author":"Krausman","year":"1997"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-021-04990-1","article-title":"Presence of a cryptic Onchocerca species in black flies of northern California, USA","volume":"14","author":"Kulpa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib153","article-title":"An unusual case of Brugia sp. infection in a dog from Alberta, Canada","volume":"37","author":"Kulpa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol.: Reg. Stud. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib154","series-title":"American Association of Veterinary Parasitologists Conference (69th Meeting)","first-page":"82","article-title":"Waiting in the wings: how recent arthropod sampling alters our understanding of vector-parasite assemblages of the northern Nearctic","author":"Kulpa","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2024.10.006","article-title":"A footworm in the door: revising Onchocerca phylogeny with previously unknown cryptic species in wild North American ungulates","volume":"55","author":"Kulpa","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.14430\/arctic4656","article-title":"Muskox health ecology symposium 2016: Gathering to share knowledge on \"Umingmak\" in a time of rapid change","volume":"70","author":"Kutz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arctic"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-398457-9.00002-0","article-title":"Parasites in ungulates of Arctic North America and Greenland: a view of contemporary diversity, ecology, and impact in a world under change","volume":"79","author":"Kutz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2014.01.002","article-title":"A walk on the tundra: host\u2013parasite interactions in an extreme environment","volume":"3","author":"Kutz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol. Parasites Wildl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1006\/mpev.1999.0731","article-title":"Phylogenetic relationships among European red deer, wapiti, and sika deer inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequences","volume":"15","author":"Kuwayama","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mol. Phylogenet. Evol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.160.24.835","article-title":"Outbreak of parasitic peritonitis in reindeer in Finland","volume":"160","author":"Laaksonen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-2-3","article-title":"Vectors and transmission dynamics for Setaria tundra (Filarioidea; Onchocercidae), a parasite of reindeer in Finland","volume":"2","author":"Laaksonen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-008-1184-0","article-title":"Setaria tundra microfilariae in reindeer and other cervids in Finland","volume":"104","author":"Laaksonen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1007\/s10393-010-0308-z","article-title":"Climate change promotes the emergence of serious disease outbreaks of filarioid nematodes","volume":"7","author":"Laaksonen","year":"2010","journal-title":"EcoHealth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-0835-0","article-title":"A lymphatic dwelling filarioid nematode, Rumenfilaria andersoni (Filarioidea; Splendidofilariinae), is an emerging parasite in Finnish cervids","volume":"8","author":"Laaksonen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib165","series-title":"Filarioid Nematodes, Threat to Arctic Food Safety and Security, Game Meat Hygiene: Food Safety and Security","first-page":"213","author":"Laaksonen","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib166","first-page":"13","article-title":"Some internal parasites of the mule deer Odocoileus hemionus hemionus in Wyoming","volume":"8","author":"Landram","year":"1955","journal-title":"Wyom Game Fish Comm"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2455","DOI":"10.1139\/z82-313","article-title":"Rumenfilaria andersoni n. gen., n. sp. (Nematoda: Filarioidea) in moose, Alces alces (L.), from northwestern Ontario, Canada","volume":"60","author":"Lankester","year":"1982","journal-title":"Can. J. Zool."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182020002449","article-title":"Setaria cervi (Filarioidea, Onchocercidae) undressing in ungulates: altered morphology of developmental stages, their molecular detection and complete sequence cox1 gene","volume":"148","author":"Lankov\u00e1","year":"2021","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib169","first-page":"17","article-title":"Common diseases and parasites of wild animals","volume":"26","author":"Latham","year":"1955","journal-title":"Pa. game news"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3348","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-53759-w","article-title":"Development of an indirect ELISA for the serodiagnosis of canine infection by Onchocerca lupi","volume":"14","author":"Latrofa","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib171","series-title":"Mitochondrial DNA and Allozyme Analysis of Pronghorn Populations in North America","author":"Lee","year":"1992"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004233","article-title":"Shaking the tree: multi-locus sequence typing usurps current onchocercid (filarial nematode) phylogeny","volume":"9","author":"Lefoulon","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Neglected Trop. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2016.12.009","article-title":"Whence river blindness? The domestication of mammals and host-parasite co-evolution in the nematode genus Onchocerca","volume":"47","author":"Lefoulon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib174","series-title":"Muskoxen and Their Hunters: A History. 5","author":"Lent","year":"1999"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.7589\/2012-12-306","article-title":"High elaeophorosis prevalence among harvested Colorado moose","volume":"49","author":"LeVan","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X00003709","article-title":"A revision of the nematode genus Setaria Viborg, 1795, its host-parasite relationship, speciation and evolution","volume":"33","author":"Liang-Sheng","year":"1959","journal-title":"J. Helminthol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib177","series-title":"A Herd of Mule Deer. A Record of Observations Made on the Hastings Natural History Reservation","author":"Linsdale","year":"1953"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.22201\/ie.20074484e.2003.7.1.178","article-title":"Abundancia, preferencia de h\u00e1bitat e impacto del ecoturismo sobre : el puma y dos presas en la Reserva de la Bi\u00f3sfera El Triunfo Chiapas, M\u00e9xico","volume":"7","author":"Lira-Torres","year":"2003","journal-title":"Revista mexicana de Mastozoolog\u00eda"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib179","first-page":"168","article-title":"Parasite interrelationships of domestic sheep and Columbian black-tailed deer","author":"Longhurst","year":"1953","journal-title":"Trans. N. Amer. Wildl. Conf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib180","first-page":"100","article-title":"Effects of forest succession after fire in moose wintering habitats on the Kenai Peninsula, Alaska","volume":"27","author":"Loranger","year":"1991","journal-title":"Alces"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1111\/jzs.12104","article-title":"Insights into the evolutionary history of Cervus (Cervidae, tribe Cervini) based on Bayesian analysis of mitochondrial marker sequences, with first indications for a new species","volume":"53","author":"Lorenzini","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Zool. Syst. Evol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib182","series-title":"Parasites of Woodland Caribou in Tweedsmuir Provincial Park","author":"Low","year":"1976"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1064","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ympev.2003.10.003","article-title":"Mitochondrial DNA phylogeography of red deer (Cervus elaphus)","volume":"31","author":"Ludt","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mol. Phylogenet. Evol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-27.2.340","article-title":"Elaeophora schneideri in moose (Alces alces) from Colorado","volume":"27","author":"Madden","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib185","first-page":"8","article-title":"Wildlife diseases and parasites and what they mean to you","author":"Mangold","year":"1958","journal-title":"N. J. Outdoors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib186","first-page":"14","article-title":"Habitat and population status of desert mule deer in Mexico","volume":"49","author":"Mart\u00ednez-Mu\u00f1oz","year":"2003","journal-title":"Z. Jagdwiss."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib187","first-page":"63","article-title":"History and status of moose in Oregon","volume":"48","author":"Matthews","year":"2012","journal-title":"Alces"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib188","first-page":"350","article-title":"Family Cervidae (deer)","volume":"2","author":"Mattioli","year":"2011","journal-title":"Handbook Mamma World"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib189","series-title":"White-Tailed Deer: Ecology and Management","first-page":"19","article-title":"Of slings and arrows: a historical perspective","author":"McCabe","year":"1984"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib190","first-page":"1","volume":"88","author":"McCullough","year":"1969"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib191","series-title":"From Bottleneck to Metapopulation: Recovery of the Tule Elk in California. Metapopulations and Wildlife Conservation","author":"McCullough","year":"1996"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182012001758","article-title":"Cryptic Onchocerca species infecting North American cervids, with implications for the evolutionary history of host associations in Onchocerca","volume":"140","author":"McFrederick","year":"2013","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-43.1.142","article-title":"First observation of Elaeophora schneideri Wehr and Dikmans, 1935 (Nematoda: Filariidae) in mule deer from Nebraska","volume":"43","author":"McKown","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.2307\/3796602","article-title":"Mule deer in Nebraska National forest","volume":"15","author":"Mohler","year":"1951","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Manag."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-45.2.411","article-title":"Population health of fallow deer (Dama dama) on little St. Simons island, Georgia, USA","volume":"45","author":"Morse","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib196","series-title":"Range-wide Status of Mule Deer and Black-Tailed Deer, Western Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib197","series-title":"Biennial Symposium of the Northern Wild Sheep and Goat Council","first-page":"1","article-title":"Mountain goats in North America: a survey of population status and management","author":"Myatt","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib198","series-title":"Alaska Department of Fish and Game","article-title":"Caribou disease studies","author":"Neiland","year":"1972"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X00023956","article-title":"Observations on the development of Setaria labiatopapillosa using new techniques for infecting Aedes aegypti with this nematode","volume":"36","author":"Nelson","year":"1962","journal-title":"J. Helminthol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X07214099","article-title":"The morphology of the filaroid nematode Setaria tundra, the cause of peritonitis in reindeer Rangifer tarandus","volume":"81","author":"Nikander","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Helminthol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib201","first-page":"36","article-title":"The inter-relationship of endo-parasites in wild cervids (Capreolus capreolus L. and Alces alces L.) and domestic ruminants in Sweden","volume":"12","author":"Nilsson","year":"1971","journal-title":"Acta Vet. Scand."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib202","article-title":"Moose harvest and production of moose meat in Finland 1964-87","author":"Nygr\u00e9n","year":"1989","journal-title":"Suom. Riista"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib203","series-title":"The Smithsonian Book of North American Mammals","first-page":"339","article-title":"Antilocapra americana","author":"O'Gara","year":"1999"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1333","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182019000568","article-title":"New findings of Setaria tundra and Setaria cervi in the red deer (Cervus elaphus) in Poland","volume":"146","author":"Olo\u015b","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib205","first-page":"1","article-title":"The helminths of North American deer with special reference to those of the white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus borealis) in Minnesota","author":"Olsen","year":"1943","journal-title":"Tech. Bull.: 159. Minnesota Agric. Exper. Stat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib206","first-page":"247","article-title":"Life-cycle of Setaria altaica (Raevskaya, 1928), a parasite of the brain of Siberian deer","volume":"168","author":"Osipov","year":"1966","journal-title":"Dokl. Akad. Nauk"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib207","series-title":"Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Division of Wildlife Conservation","article-title":"Game transplants in Alaska. 8. Technical bulletin","author":"Paul","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.2307\/2424334","article-title":"Initial response of moose to a forest fire in northeastern Minnesota","author":"Peek","year":"1974","journal-title":"Am. Midl. Nat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib209","first-page":"149","article-title":"Elaeophorosis in wild ruminants","volume":"16","author":"Pence","year":"1991","journal-title":"Bull. Soc. Vector Ecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-17.1.49","article-title":"Elaeophorosis in Barbary sheep and mule deer from the Texas Panhandle","volume":"17","author":"Pence","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1177\/104063879801000115","article-title":"Probable elaeophorosis in a moose (Alces alces) from eastern Washington state","volume":"10","author":"Pessier","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Vet. Diagn. Invest."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib212","series-title":"A Review of the Living Representatives of the Genus Alces","author":"Peterson","year":"1952"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib213","series-title":"North American Moose","author":"Peterson","year":"1955"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib214","first-page":"113","article-title":"Importance of Aedes albopictus in veterinary medicine","volume":"50","author":"Pietrobelli","year":"2008","journal-title":"Parassitologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2017.06.008","article-title":"The current status of molecular xenomonitoring for lymphatic filariasis and onchocerciasis","volume":"33","author":"Pilotte","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ympev.2004.07.013","article-title":"Evolution and phylogeny of old world deer","volume":"33","author":"Pitra","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mol. Phylogenet. Evol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib217","series-title":"Black Flies (Diptera, Simuliidae) of the Swan Hills, Alberta as Possible Vectors of Onchocerca cervipedis Wehr and Dikmans, 1935 (Nematoda, Onchocercidae) in Moose (Alces alces Linnaeus)","author":"Pledger","year":"1978"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1006\/mpev.1998.0527","article-title":"Phylogeny of wapiti, red deer, sika deer, and other North American cervids as determined from mitochondrial DNA","volume":"10","author":"Polziehn","year":"1998","journal-title":"Mol. Phylogenet. Evol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1977.171.09.933","article-title":"Prevalence and distribution of Setaria yehi in southeastern white-tailed deer","volume":"171","author":"Prestwood","year":"1977","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-7.2.133","article-title":"Naturally occurring haemonchosis in a white-tailed deer","volume":"7","author":"Prestwood","year":"1971","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-8.3.233","article-title":"Elaeophorosis in white-tailed deer of the southeastern USA: case report and distribution","volume":"8","author":"Prestwood","year":"1972","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib222","series-title":"Evolutionary Genetics and Systematics of North American Mountain Sheep: Implications for Conservation","author":"Ramey II","year":"1993"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib223","series-title":"Cervus and Implications for Conservation, Animal Conservation Forum","first-page":"1","article-title":"A mitochondrial DNA control region phylogeny of the Cervinae: speciation","author":"Randi","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.2307\/1376619","article-title":"Parasites and diseases of the wells Gray moose herd","volume":"39","author":"Ritcey","year":"1958","journal-title":"J. Mammal."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.2307\/3279819","article-title":"Filariasis in Missouri white-tailed deer","volume":"64","author":"Robbins","year":"1978","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-14.1.137","article-title":"Elaeophorosis in sika deer in Texas","volume":"14","author":"Robinson","year":"1978","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2989","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2612.190136","article-title":"Coyotes as reservoirs for Onchocerca lupi, United States, 2015\u20132018","volume":"26","author":"Roe","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2023.1167070","article-title":"Biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) as putative vectors of zoonotic Onchocerca lupi (Nematoda: Onchocercidae) in northern Arizona and New Mexico, southwestern United States","volume":"10","author":"Roe","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib229","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1093\/jmammal\/16.1.70","article-title":"Onchocerciasis, A new disease in the white-tailed deer of Montana","volume":"16","author":"Rush","year":"1935","journal-title":"J. Mammal."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib230","first-page":"67","article-title":"Migratory tundra caribou and wild reindeer","author":"Russell","year":"2018","journal-title":"NOAA Arctic Rep. Card"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib231","first-page":"25","article-title":"Parasites of Pennsylvania deer","volume":"38","author":"Samuel","year":"1967","journal-title":"Penn Game News"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib232","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1139\/z76-034","article-title":"Helminths in moose of Alberta","volume":"54","author":"Samuel","year":"1976","journal-title":"Can. J. Zool."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib233","first-page":"100","article-title":"Evaluation of two survey methods for detection of helminth infections in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus)","volume":"2","author":"Samuel","year":"1966","journal-title":"Bull. Wildl. Dis. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib234","author":"S\u00e1nchez-Rojas"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib235","series-title":"Brief Note: A New State Record: Setaria yehi (Filaria) Found in Odocoileus Virginianus","author":"Schurr","year":"1983"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib236","first-page":"33","article-title":"Notes on the ecto and endoparasites of the Rattlesnake deer herd","volume":"18","author":"Senger","year":"1959","journal-title":"Proc. Mo. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib237","first-page":"5","article-title":"Some parasites of Montana deer","author":"Senger","year":"1963","journal-title":"Montana Wildl Autumn"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib238","first-page":"519","article-title":"The bighorn","volume":"3","author":"Seton","year":"1929","journal-title":"Lives Game Animals"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib239","first-page":"1","article-title":"Some parasites of Oregon wildlife","author":"Shaw","year":"1947","journal-title":"Station Tech. Bull.: 11. Oregon Agr. Exp."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib240","first-page":"9","article-title":"Studies of cerebro-spinal nematodiasis in Ceylon (IV). Is Setaria labiato-papillosa (Alessandrini, 1838) synonymous with Setaria cervi (Rudolphi, 1819)?","volume":"6","author":"Shoho","year":"1958","journal-title":"Ceylon Vet. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/1965403285","article-title":"Setaria marshalli Boulenger 1921, et Setaria marshalli pandei n. s.-sp","volume":"40","author":"Shoho","year":"1965","journal-title":"Ann. Parasitol. Hum. Comp."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib242","first-page":"503","article-title":"Development of Setaria cervi from maral deer in the fly Haematobia stimulans","volume":"199","author":"Shol","year":"1971","journal-title":"Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib243","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2307\/3504281","article-title":"Odocoileus virginianus","author":"Smith","year":"1991","journal-title":"Mamm. Species"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib244","series-title":"Bighorn Sheep in the Canadian Rockies: a History, 1800-1970","author":"Stelfox","year":"1971"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1007\/s12639-013-0399-x","article-title":"Morphological characterization of Setaria worms collected from cattle","volume":"39","author":"Sundar","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Parasit. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib246","first-page":"109","article-title":"Mule deer in Arizona chaparral","volume":"3","author":"Swank","year":"1958","journal-title":"Arizona Game Fish Dept. Wild."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib247","article-title":"The black-tailed deer of the chaparral: its life history and management in the North Coast Range of California","author":"Taber","year":"1958","journal-title":"Game Bull. 8. Calif. Dept. Fish Game"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib248","series-title":"Circumpolar Distribution and Habitat Requirements of Moose","author":"Telfer","year":"1984"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib249","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182007000248","article-title":"The role of biotic factors in the transmission of free-living endohelminth stages","volume":"135","author":"Thieltges","year":"2008","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib250","article-title":"Widespread geographic distribution of filarioid nematodes in caribou (Rangifer tarandus sspp.) in Canada","volume":"26","author":"Thomas","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Parasitol. Parasites Wildl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib251","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2010.04.009","article-title":"Parasites, emerging disease and wildlife conservation","volume":"40","author":"Thompson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib252","first-page":"1","article-title":"The status and management of moose in North America-circa 2015","volume":"53","author":"Timmermann","year":"2017","journal-title":"Alces"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib253","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-15.2.273","article-title":"Experimental infection of white-tailed deer Elaeophora schneideri","volume":"15","author":"Titche","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib254","series-title":"Filarial Infection in Mosquitoes of Northern California","author":"Tran","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.52707\/1081-1710-47.1.61","article-title":"Prevalence of filarial parasites in field-caught mosquitoes in northwestern California","volume":"47","author":"Tran","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Vector Ecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib256","article-title":"Wild sheep and wild sheep hunters of the New World","author":"Valdez","year":"1988","journal-title":"Wild Sheep Goat Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib257","series-title":"Mountain Sheep of North America","author":"Valdez","year":"1999"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib258","series-title":"Conservation Genetic Implications of Microsatellite Variation in the Muskox Ovibos moschatus: the Effect of Refugial Isolation and the Arctic Ocean on Genetic Structure","author":"Van Coeverden de Groot","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib259","first-page":"309","article-title":"Parasitism in deer","volume":"15","author":"Van Roekel","year":"1929","journal-title":"Calif. Fish Game"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib260","series-title":"National Museums of Canada: National Museum of Natural Sciences","article-title":"A systematic study of recent Bison, with particular Consideration of the wood Bison (Bison Bison athabascae Rhoads, 1898). 6","author":"Van Zyll de Jong","year":"1986"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib261","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-5-242","article-title":"Defining parasite biodiversity at high latitudes of North America: new host and geographic records for Onchocerca cervipedis (Nematoda: Onchocercidae) in moose and caribou","volume":"5","author":"Verocai","year":"2012","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib262","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1477","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2208.151918","article-title":"Onchocerca lupi nematodes in dogs exported from the United States into Canada","volume":"22","author":"Verocai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib263","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-018-3133-9","article-title":"A cryptic species of Onchocerca (Nematoda: Onchocercidae) in blackflies (Simulium spp.) from southern California, USA","volume":"11","author":"Verocai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib264","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2024.100990","article-title":"Validation of a species-specific probe-based qPCR for detection of Setaria yehi (Filarioidea: Onchocercidae) in Alaskan moose (Alces alces gigas)","volume":"25","author":"Verocai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol. Parasites Wildl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.2307\/2422430","article-title":"A list of nematode parasites from California mammals","volume":"56","author":"Voge","year":"1956","journal-title":"Am. Midl. Nat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib266","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-20.4.342","article-title":"Elaeophora schneideri Wehr and Dickmans, 1935 in white-tailed deer from the Edwards plateau of Texas","volume":"20","author":"Waid","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib267","first-page":"1","article-title":"Checklist of the internal and external parasites of deer, Odocoileus hemionus and O. virginianus, in the United States and Canada","volume":"1","author":"Walker","year":"1970","journal-title":"Index-Catalogue Med. Vet. Zool Special Pub."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib268","series-title":"Mule and Black-Tailed Deer of North America","first-page":"1","article-title":"Mule and black-tailed deer distribution and habitats","author":"Wallmo","year":"1981"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib269","first-page":"127","article-title":"The clinical and morphological studies on the cerebrospinal setariasis of deer in Taiwan","volume":"17","author":"Wang","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Chin. Soc. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib270","series-title":"Ecology and Conservation of Sympatric Tropical Deer Populations in the Greater Calakmul Region, South-Eastern Mexico","author":"Weber","year":"2005"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib271","first-page":"579","article-title":"Un especialista, un generalista y un oportunista: uso de tipos de vegetaci\u00f3n por tres especies de venados en Calakmul","volume":"II","author":"Weber","year":"2008","journal-title":"Campeche. Avances en el estudio de los mam\u00edferos de M\u00e9xico"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib272","author":"Weber"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib273","first-page":"202","article-title":"New nematodes (Filariidae) from NorthNorth American ruminants","volume":"110","author":"Wehr","year":"1935","journal-title":"Zool. Anz."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib274","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-9.3.213","article-title":"Filarial worms of Columbian black-tailed deer in California 1. Observations in the vertebrate host","volume":"9","author":"Weinmann","year":"1973","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib275","first-page":"213","article-title":"Diet selection by Alaskan moose during winter: effects of fire and forest succession","volume":"34","author":"Weixelman","year":"1998","journal-title":"Alces"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib276","series-title":"The Whitehead Encyclopedia of Deer","author":"Whitehead","year":"1993"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib277","series-title":"Transactions, North American Wildlife Conference","first-page":"244","article-title":"The prevalence of disease and parasites in Whitetail deer","author":"Whitlock","year":"1939"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib278","series-title":"Records of Wild Sheep Translocations: United States and Canada, 1922\u2010present","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib279","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.2307\/1376172","article-title":"Onchocerca in an Alaskan moose","volume":"39","author":"Williams","year":"1958","journal-title":"J. Mammal."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib280","first-page":"23","article-title":"Some parasites of elk in New Mexico","volume":"5","author":"Wilson","year":"1969","journal-title":"Bull. Wildl. Dis. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib281","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-8.3.242","article-title":"Elaeophorosis in moose from Montana","volume":"8","author":"Worley","year":"1972","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib282","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-11.4.486","article-title":"Observations on epizootiology and distribution of Elaeophora schneideri in Montana ruminants","volume":"11","author":"Worley","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib283","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.7589\/2014-02-037","article-title":"Necropsy findings in 62 opportunistically collected free-ranging moose (Alces alces) from Minnesota, USA (2003\u201313)","volume":"51","author":"W\u00fcnschmann","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib284","first-page":"34","article-title":"Phylogeography of red deer (cervus elaphus) in China based on mtDNA cytochrome b gene","volume":"8","author":"Yanhua","year":"2013","journal-title":"Res. J. Biotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib285","first-page":"751","article-title":"Revision of the nematode genus Setar\u00eda","volume":"71","author":"Yeh","year":"1959","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib286","article-title":"The foot worm of northern Utah deer","volume":"10","author":"Yuill","year":"1961","journal-title":"Wildl. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202_bib287","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.4238\/2012.March.14.6","article-title":"Phylogeny and evolution of Cervidae based on complete mitochondrial genomes","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Genet. Mol. Res."}],"container-title":["International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2213224426000179?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2213224426000179?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,19]],"date-time":"2026-04-19T19:47:30Z","timestamp":1776628050000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2213224426000179"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"references-count":285,"alternative-id":["S2213224426000179"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202","relation":{},"ISSN":["2213-2244"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2213-2244","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"A comprehensive review of Onchocercidae nematodes (Nematoda; Filarioidea) infecting wild ruminant ungulates of North and Central America","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2026.101202","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of Australian Society for Parasitology.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"101202"}}