{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T04:35:22Z","timestamp":1780979722473,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,1]],"date-time":"2017-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1491004800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["International Journal of Psychophysiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2017.01.012","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,3]],"date-time":"2017-02-03T00:32:28Z","timestamp":1486081948000},"page":"24-30","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"special_numbering":"C","title":["How many blinks are necessary for a reliable startle response? A test using the NPU-threat task"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"114","author":[{"given":"Lynne","family":"Lieberman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth S.","family":"Stevens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carter J.","family":"Funkhouser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Weinberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Casey","family":"Sarapas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashley A.","family":"Huggins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8097-4483","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stewart A.","family":"Shankman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2017.01.012_bb0005","first-page":"59","article-title":"Dependent-alpha calculator: testing the differences between dependent coefficients alpha","volume":"6","author":"Abd-El-Fattah","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Quantitative Methods"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2017.01.012_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.2005.00271.x","article-title":"Committee report: guidelines for human startle eyeblink electromyographic studies","volume":"42","author":"Blumenthal","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2017.01.012_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1669","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.12545","article-title":"Empirically based comparisons of the reliability and validity of common quantification approaches for eyeblink startle potentiation in humans","volume":"52","author":"Bradford","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2017.01.012_bb0025","first-page":"21","article-title":"As time goes by: stability of affective startle modulation","volume":"32","author":"Bradley","year":"1995","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2017.01.012_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1080\/02699931.2013.799062","article-title":"Does anxiety sensitivity correlate with startle habituation? An examination in two independent samples","volume":"28","author":"Campbell","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cognit. Emot."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2017.01.012_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2006.03.014","article-title":"Fearing the unknown: a short version of the Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale","volume":"21","author":"Carleton","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Anxiety Disord."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2017.01.012_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2005.09.015","article-title":"Anticipation of public speaking in virtual reality reveals a relationship between trait social anxiety and startle reactivity","volume":"59","author":"Cornwell","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2017.01.012_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.1002\/da.20633","article-title":"What is anxiety disorder?","volume":"26","author":"Craske","year":"2009","journal-title":"Depress. Anxiety"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2017.01.012_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02289289","article-title":"Test \u201creliability\u201d: its meaning and determination","volume":"12","author":"Cronbach","year":"1947","journal-title":"Psychometrika"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2017.01.012_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1037\/h0040957","article-title":"Construct validity in psychological tests","volume":"52","author":"Cronbach","year":"1955","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2017.01.012_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1002\/da.22353","article-title":"Updated meta-analysis of classical fear conditioning in the anxiety disorders","volume":"32","author":"Duits","year":"2015","journal-title":"Depress. Anxiety"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2017.01.012_bb0065","series-title":"Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders (SCID I)","author":"First","year":"1996"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2017.01.012_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1037\/a0032618","article-title":"Psychometric considerations in using error-related brain activity as a biomarker in psychotic disorders","volume":"122","author":"Foti","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Psychol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2017.01.012_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1037\/abn0000233","article-title":"Startle potentiation to uncertain threat as a psychophysiological indicator of fear-based psychopathology: an examination across multiple internalizing disorders","volume":"126","author":"Gorka","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Psychol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2017.01.012_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-8986.3850807","article-title":"Conditioned inhibition of fear-potentiated startle and skin conductance in humans","volume":"38","author":"Grillon","year":"2001","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2017.01.012_bb9000","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2007.07101581","article-title":"Increased anxiety during anticipation of unpredictable but not predictable aversive stimuli as a psychophysiologic marker of panic disorder","volume":"165","author":"Grillon","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatr."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2017.01.012_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2008.12.028","article-title":"Increased anxiety during anticipation of unpredictable aversive stimuli in posttraumatic stress disorder but not in generalized anxiety disorder","volume":"66","author":"Grillon","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2017.01.012_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2015.11.001","article-title":"Situating psychophysiological science within the research domain criteria (RDoC) framework","volume":"98","author":"Hajcak","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Psychophysiol."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2017.01.012_bb9005","article-title":"Behavioral and ERP measures of attentional bias to threat in the dot-probe task: poor reliability and lack of correlation with anxiety","volume":"5","author":"Kappenman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2017.01.012_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.12663","article-title":"Psychometric properties of startle and corrugator response in NPU, affective picture viewing, and resting state tasks","author":"Kaye","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2017.01.012_bb0105","series-title":"Attention and Orienting: Sensory and Motivational Processes","first-page":"97","article-title":"Motivated attention: affect, activation, and action","author":"Lang","year":"1997"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2017.01.012_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-8986.3710092","article-title":"Temporal stability of the emotion-modulated startle response","volume":"37","author":"Larson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2017.01.012_bb9010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1177\/2167702616666507","article-title":"Impact of panic on psychophysiological and neural reactivity to unpredictable threat in depression and anxiety","volume":"5","author":"Lieberman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Sci."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2017.01.012_bb9015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2005.11.004","article-title":"The strong situation: a potential impediment to studying the psychobiology and pharmacology of anxiety disorders","volume":"72","author":"Lissek","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biol. Psychol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2017.01.012_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-8986.3750683","article-title":"Valence-dependent modulation of psychophysiological measures: is there consistency across repeated testing?","volume":"37","author":"Manber","year":"2000","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2017.01.012_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1220","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.12132","article-title":"Reliability of the ERN across multiple tasks as a function of increasing errors","volume":"50","author":"Meyer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2017.01.012_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2013.04.018","article-title":"The psychometric properties of the late positive potential during emotion processing and regulation","volume":"1516","author":"Moran","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2017.01.012_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.12418","article-title":"Event-related potentials to acoustic startle probes during the anticipation of predictable and unpredictable threat","volume":"52","author":"Nelson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2017.01.012_bb0135","series-title":"Psychometric Theory","author":"Nunnally","year":"1978"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2017.01.012_bb0140","first-page":"34","article-title":"Cronbach's alpha: a tool for assessing the reliability of scales","volume":"37","author":"Santos","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Ext."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2017.01.012_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2016.09.012","article-title":"Relationships among attention networks and physiological responding to threat","volume":"111","author":"Sarapas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Cogn."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2017.01.012_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2012.001","article-title":"Assessing fear and anxiety in humans using the threat of predictable and unpredictable aversive events (the NPU-threat test)","volume":"7","author":"Schmitz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2017.01.012_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1037\/a0039678","article-title":"The role of neuroscience within psychology: a call for inclusiveness over exclusiveness","volume":"71","author":"Schwartz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. Psychol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2017.01.012_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2015.01.001","article-title":"Psychopathology research in the RDoC era: unanswered questions and the importance of the psychophysiological unit of analysis","volume":"98","author":"Shankman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Psychophysiol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2017.01.012_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1037\/a0030747","article-title":"A psychophysiological investigation of threat and reward sensitivity in individuals with panic disorder and\/or major depressive disorder","volume":"122","author":"Shankman","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2017.01.012_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.5116\/ijme.4dfb.8dfd","article-title":"Making sense of Cronbach's alpha","volume":"2","author":"Tavakol","year":"2011","journal-title":"International Journal of Medical Education"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2017.01.012_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.7.3.387","article-title":"A psychometric perspective on psychophysiological measures","volume":"7","author":"Tomarken","year":"1995","journal-title":"Psychol. Assess."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2017.01.012_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.97.4.487","article-title":"The startle probe response: a new measure of emotion?","volume":"97","author":"Vrana","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Psychol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2017.01.012_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.19.3.253","article-title":"Development and validation of the Inventory of Depression and Anxiety Symptoms (IDAS)","volume":"19","author":"Watson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychol. Assess."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Psychophysiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0167876017300740?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0167876017300740?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,4]],"date-time":"2018-09-04T13:23:21Z","timestamp":1536067401000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0167876017300740"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,4]]},"references-count":39,"alternative-id":["S0167876017300740"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2017.01.012","relation":{},"ISSN":["0167-8760"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0167-8760","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"How many blinks are necessary for a reliable startle response? A test using the NPU-threat task","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"International Journal of Psychophysiology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2017.01.012","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}