{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T19:02:38Z","timestamp":1778526158515,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]],"date-time":"2025-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748736000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]],"date-time":"2025-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748736000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,6]],"date-time":"2025-04-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743897600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000781","name":"European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["_CoG-2017_772337"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["_CoG-2017_772337"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000781","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["International Journal of Psychophysiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2025.112561","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,2]],"date-time":"2025-04-02T21:14:36Z","timestamp":1743628476000},"page":"112561","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"special_numbering":"C","title":["The relevance of accounting for parasympathetic as well as sympathetic arousal in threat conditioning: Methodological and clinical considerations"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"212","author":[{"given":"Lars","family":"Jaswetz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lycia D.","family":"de Voogd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eni S.","family":"Becker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karin","family":"Roelofs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2025.112561_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.2009.00940.x","article-title":"Is freezing an adaptive reaction to threat? Evidence from heart rate reactivity to emotional pictures in victims of war and torture","volume":"47","author":"Adenauer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2025.112561_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2023.105146","article-title":"Consensus design of a calibration experiment for human fear conditioning","volume":"148","author":"Bach","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"issue":"June","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2025.112561_bb0015","first-page":"3","article-title":"Random effects structure for testing interactions in linear mixed-effects models","volume":"4","author":"Barr","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2025.112561_bb0020","first-page":"1","article-title":"Characterizing cardiac autonomic dynamics of fear learning in humans","volume":"May","author":"Battaglia","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2025.112561_bb0025","first-page":"1","article-title":"Heart\u2019s tale of trauma: fear-conditioned heart rate changes in post-traumatic stress disorder","author":"Battaglia","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr. Scand."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2025.112561_bb0030","first-page":"1","article-title":"Neuropsychobiology of fear-induced bradycardia in humans: progress and pitfalls","author":"Battaglia","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2025.112561_bb0035","series-title":"Assessment of Family Violence: A Handbook for Researchers and Practitioners","article-title":"Childhood trauma questionnaire","author":"Bernstein","year":"1998"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2025.112561_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.1994.tb01024.x","article-title":"Autonomic space and psychophysiological response","volume":"31","author":"Berntson","year":"1994","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2025.112561_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1027\/1614-2241\/a000057","article-title":"Skewness and kurtosis in real data samples","volume":"9","author":"Blanca","year":"2013","journal-title":"Methodology"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2025.112561_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1097\/PSY.0b013e31815a8f6b","article-title":"Autonomic and respiratory characteristics of posttraumatic stress disorder and panic disorder","volume":"69","author":"Blechert","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychosom. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2025.112561_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.2008.00702.x","article-title":"Natural selective attention: orienting and emotion","volume":"46","author":"Bradley","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2025.112561_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0956-7976.2005.01558.x","article-title":"When good things go bad: the reflex physiology of defense","volume":"16","author":"Bradley","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psychol. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2025.112561_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2006.10.002","article-title":"Heart rate as a predictor of posttraumatic stress disorder in children","volume":"29","author":"Bryant","year":"2007","journal-title":"Gen. Hosp. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2025.112561_bb0070","first-page":"395","article-title":"Advanced Bayesian multilevel modeling with the R package brms","volume":"10","author":"B\u00fcrkner","year":"2018","journal-title":"R Journal"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2025.112561_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1681.2006.04519.x","article-title":"Dual activation of cardiac sympathetic and parasympathetic components during conditioned fear to context in the rat","volume":"33","author":"Carrive","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clinical & Experimental Pharmacology & Physiology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2025.112561_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.12637","article-title":"Modeling fear-conditioned bradycardia in humans","volume":"53","author":"Castegnetti","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"issue":"c","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2025.112561_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ph.46.030184.001155","article-title":"Classical conditioning of cardiovascular responses","volume":"46","author":"Cohen","year":"1984","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Physiol."},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2025.112561_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4073","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2013.257758","article-title":"Myths and realities of the cardiac vagus","volume":"591","author":"Coote","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2025.112561_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.13849","article-title":"Threat imminence modulates neural gain in attention and motor relevant brain circuits in humans","volume":"58","author":"de Echegaray","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2025.112561_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-11664-0","article-title":"Acute threat enhances perceptual sensitivity without affecting the decision criterion","volume":"12","author":"de Voogd","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2025.112561_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1002\/da.22353","article-title":"Updated meta-analysis of classical fear conditioning in the anxiety disorders","volume":"32","author":"Duits","year":"2015","journal-title":"Depress. Anxiety"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2025.112561_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beth.2014.10.001","article-title":"Fear generalization in humans: systematic review and implications for anxiety disorder research","volume":"46","author":"Dymond","year":"2015","journal-title":"Behav. Ther."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2025.112561_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03395340","article-title":"Response primacy in fear conditioning: disentangling the contributions of UCS vs. UCR intensity","volume":"50","author":"Forsyth","year":"2000","journal-title":"Psychological Record"},{"issue":"MAR","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2025.112561_bb0120","first-page":"1","article-title":"Reduced freezing in posttraumatic stress disorder patients while watching affective pictures","volume":"8","author":"Fragkaki","year":"2017","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2025.112561_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2016.03.027","article-title":"Ready and waiting: freezing as active action preparation under threat","volume":"619","author":"Gladwin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2025.112561_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2013.10.015","article-title":"Development and validation of an unsupervised scoring system (Autonomate) for skin conductance response analysis","volume":"91","author":"Green","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Psychophysiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2025.112561_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2023.108739","article-title":"Respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA), vagal tone and biobehavioral integration: Beyond parasympathetic function","volume":"186","author":"Grossman","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biol. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2025.112561_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2015.07.010","article-title":"Deficient inhibitory processing in trait anxiety: evidence from context-dependent fear learning, extinction recall and renewal","volume":"111","author":"Haaker","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biol. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2025.112561_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2014.07.021","article-title":"Updating freeze: aligning animal and human research","volume":"47","author":"Hagenaars","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2025.112561_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.102.3.453","article-title":"Emotional learning, hedonic change, and the startle probe. In","volume":"102","author":"Hamm","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2025.112561_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2022.104094","article-title":"The gene environment aetiology of freezing and its relationship with internalizing symptoms during adolescence","volume":"81","author":"Held","year":"2022","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2025.112561_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.1985.tb01649.x","article-title":"Individual differences in autonomic response: conditioned association or conditioned fear?","volume":"22","author":"Hodes","year":"1985","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"issue":"June 2020","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2025.112561_bb0165","article-title":"Individual differences in costly fearful avoidance and the relation to psychophysiology","volume":"137","author":"Hulsman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Ther."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2025.112561_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1037\/0735-7044.102.1.66","article-title":"Dissociation of associative and nonassociative concommitants of classical fear conditioning in the freely behaving rat","volume":"102","author":"Iwata","year":"1988","journal-title":"Behav. Neurosci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2025.112561_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-10184-1","article-title":"No evidence for disruption of reconsolidation of conditioned threat memories with a cognitively demanding intervention","volume":"12","author":"Jaswetz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2025.112561_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-024-06267-6","article-title":"The neurocomputational link between defensive cardiac states and approach-avoidance arbitration under threat","volume":"7","author":"Klaassen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Communications Biology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2025.112561_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.1980.tb02290.x","article-title":"Heart rate, contingent negative variation, and evoked potentials during anticipation of affective stimulation","volume":"17","author":"Klorman","year":"1980","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2025.112561_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2020.101928","article-title":"Specificity of trait anxiety in anxiety and depression: meta-analysis of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory","volume":"82","author":"Knowles","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2025.112561_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(06)56001-7","article-title":"Emotion, motivation, and the brain: reflex foundations in animal and human research","volume":"156","author":"Lang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Prog. Brain Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2025.112561_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8167.1993.tb01222.x","article-title":"Assessment of beat-by-beat control of heart rate by the autonomic nervous system: molecular biology techniques are necessary, but not sufficient","volume":"4","author":"Levy","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Electrophysiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2025.112561_bb0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2017.02.026","article-title":"Don\u2019t fear \u2018fear conditioning\u2019: methodological considerations for the design and analysis of studies on human fear acquisition, extinction, and return of fear","volume":"77","author":"Lonsdorf","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2025.112561_bb0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.52465","article-title":"Navigating the garden of forking paths for data exclusions in fear conditioning research","volume":"8","author":"Lonsdorf","year":"2019","journal-title":"ELife"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2025.112561_bb9000","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2009.09.006","article-title":"Cardiac defense response as a predictor of fear learning","volume":"74","author":"L\u00f3pez","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Psychophysiol."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2025.112561_bb0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1706","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797615597332","article-title":"When threat is near, get out of here: dynamics of defensive behavior during freezing and active avoidance","volume":"26","author":"L\u00f6w","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychol. Sci."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2025.112561_bb0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2017.0329","article-title":"Skin conductance responses and neural activations during fear conditioning and extinction recall across anxiety disorders","volume":"74","author":"Marin","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2025.112561_bb0225","series-title":"MATLAB (No. 2018)","year":"2018"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2025.112561_bb0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2015.0922","article-title":"Association of predeployment heart rate variability with risk of postdeployment posttraumatic stress disorder in active-duty marines","volume":"72","author":"Minassian","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2025.112561_bb0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2007.11.007","article-title":"The relevance of recent developments in classical conditioning to understanding the etiology and maintenance of anxiety disorders","volume":"127","author":"Mineka","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Psychol. (Amst)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2025.112561_bb0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cobeha.2018.02.008","article-title":"The ethological deconstruction of fear(s)","volume":"24","author":"Mobbs","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Behav. Sci."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2025.112561_bb0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2019.12.016","article-title":"Space, time, and fear: survival computations along defensive circuits","volume":"24","author":"Mobbs","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2025.112561_bb0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cogbrainres.2005.07.006","article-title":"Cortical activation during Pavlovian fear conditioning depends on heart rate response patterns: an MEG study","volume":"25","author":"Moratti","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cogn. Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2025.112561_bb0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2015.00263","article-title":"Infant attachment predicts bodily freezing in adolescence: evidence from a prospective longitudinal study","volume":"9","author":"Niermann","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2025.112561_bb0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cobeha.2017.01.002","article-title":"Individual differences in defensive stress-responses: the potential relevance for psychopathology","volume":"14","author":"Niermann","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Behav. Sci."},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2025.112561_bb0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-2999(98)00261-1","article-title":"Conditioned fear-induced tachycardia in the rat; vagal involvement","volume":"350","author":"Nijsen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2025.112561_bb0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1890","DOI":"10.1007\/s00426-019-01203-4","article-title":"Freezing in response to social threat: a replication","volume":"84","author":"Noordewier","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2025.112561_bb0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.00122","article-title":"What lies beneath trait-anxiety? Testing the self-regulatory executive function model of vulnerability","volume":"10","author":"Nordahl","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2025.112561_bb0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1002\/da.23119","article-title":"Elevated costly avoidance in anxiety disorders: patients show little downregulation of acquired avoidance in face of competing rewards for approach","volume":"38","author":"Pittig","year":"2021","journal-title":"Depress. Anxiety"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2025.112561_bb0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2016.10.008","article-title":"Heart rate variability: pre-deployment predictor of post-deployment PTSD symptoms","volume":"121","author":"Pyne","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biol. Psychol."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2025.112561_bb0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3186","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1712314115","article-title":"How cognitive and reactive fear circuits optimize escape decisions in humans","volume":"115","author":"Qi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2025.112561_bb0295","author":"R Core Team"},{"issue":"1718","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2025.112561_bb0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2016.0206","article-title":"Freeze for action: neurobiological mechanisms in animal and human freezing","volume":"372","author":"Roelofs","year":"2017","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc., B"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2025.112561_bb0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583-022-00608-2","article-title":"Freezing revisited: coordinated autonomic and central optimization of threat coping","volume":"23","author":"Roelofs","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2025.112561_bb0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1575","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797610384746","article-title":"Facing freeze: social threat induces bodily freeze in humans","volume":"21","author":"Roelofs","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychol. Sci."},{"issue":"51","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2025.112561_bb0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25941","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1904843116","article-title":"The association between serotonin transporter availability and the neural correlates of fear bradycardia","volume":"116","author":"Schipper","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"issue":"September","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2025.112561_bb0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2019.09.029","article-title":"The relation between anxious personality traits and fear generalization in healthy subjects: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"107","author":"Sep","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2025.112561_bb0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2015.09.004","article-title":"Heart rate pattern and resting heart rate variability mediate individual differences in contextual anxiety and conditioned responses","volume":"98","author":"Sevenster","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Psychophysiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2025.112561_bb0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-72007-5","article-title":"Individual differences in fear acquisition: multivariate analyses of different emotional negativity scales, physiological responding, subjective measures, and neural activation","volume":"10","author":"Sjouwerman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2025.112561_bb0335","series-title":"State-trait Anxiety Inventory for Adults","author":"Spielberger","year":"1983"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2025.112561_bb0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.5116\/ijme.4dfb.8dfd","article-title":"Making sense of Cronbach\u2019s alpha","volume":"2","author":"Tavakol","year":"2011","journal-title":"International Journal of Medical Education"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2025.112561_bb0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.75663","article-title":"Conditional and unconditional components of aversively motivated freezing, flight and darting in mice","volume":"11","author":"Trott","year":"2022","journal-title":"ELife"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2025.112561_bb0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.13983","article-title":"Postural freezing relates to startle potentiation in a human fear-conditioning paradigm","volume":"59","author":"van Ast","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2025.112561_bb0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2008.09.006","article-title":"Fear-conditioned respiration and its association to cardiac reactivity","volume":"80","author":"Van Diest","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biol. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2025.112561_bb0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2013.11.014","article-title":"From Pavlov to PTSD: the extinction of conditioned fear in rodents, humans, and anxiety disorders","volume":"113","author":"VanElzakker","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Learn. Mem."},{"issue":"January","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2025.112561_bb0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.01.051","article-title":"An integrated approach to understand biological stress system dysregulation across depressive and anxiety disorders","volume":"283","author":"Vinkers","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2025.112561_bb0370","series-title":"Anatomy, Autonomic Nervous System","author":"Waxenbaum","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2025.112561_bb0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2018.01.012","article-title":"High anxiety trait: a vulnerable phenotype for stress-induced depression","volume":"87","author":"Weger","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"issue":"December 2016","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2025.112561_bb0380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.06.054","article-title":"Active avoidance and attentive freezing in the face of approaching threat","volume":"158","author":"Wendt","year":"2017","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2025.112561_bb0385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.125.2.683","article-title":"Respiratory sinus arrhythmia: why does the heartbeat synchronize with respiratory rhythm?","volume":"125","author":"Yasuma","year":"2004","journal-title":"Chest"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Psychophysiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0167876025000571?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0167876025000571?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,19]],"date-time":"2025-05-19T04:10:37Z","timestamp":1747627837000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0167876025000571"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"references-count":78,"alternative-id":["S0167876025000571"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2025.112561","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2023.06.06.540498","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0167-8760"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0167-8760","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"The relevance of accounting for parasympathetic as well as sympathetic arousal in threat conditioning: Methodological and clinical considerations","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"International Journal of Psychophysiology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2025.112561","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"112561"}}