{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T16:48:46Z","timestamp":1782751726810,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]],"date-time":"2026-03-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774656000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004319","name":"Pfizer","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["51995"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51995"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004319","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004319","name":"Pfizer","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["68465247"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["68465247"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004319","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["IJID Regions"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijregi.2026.100887","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T07:10:15Z","timestamp":1775027415000},"page":"100887","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Effectiveness of clinical algorithms combined with point-of-care testing to improve antibiotic prescribing practices of physicians in outpatient setting of a low- to middle-income country: A pre-post\u2013intervention study"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1099-2483","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sonia","family":"Qureshi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sadaf","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nosheen","family":"Nasir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naveed","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Afia","family":"Tariq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vinod","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Jawwad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Farah Naz","family":"Qamar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijregi.2026.100887_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.15252\/embr.202051034","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance and persistence-implications for human health and treatment perspectives","volume":"21","author":"Huemer","year":"2020","journal-title":"EMBO Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijregi.2026.100887_bib0003","series-title":"Global action plan on antimicrobial resistance","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijregi.2026.100887_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2023.07.002","article-title":"Principles and practice of antimicrobial stewardship program resource allocation","volume":"37","author":"Nelson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Infect Dis Clin North Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijregi.2026.100887_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"f4403","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.f4403","article-title":"Improving antibiotic prescribing in acute respiratory tract infections: cluster randomised trial from Norwegian general practice (prescription peer academic detailing (Rx-PAD) study)","volume":"347","author":"Gjelstad","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijregi.2026.100887_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/prp2.1106","article-title":"Antimicrobial stewardship: prescribing across the primary care health professions","volume":"11","author":"Hollingworth","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res Perspect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijregi.2026.100887_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2195","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina59122195","article-title":"A narrative review of recent antibiotic prescribing practices in ambulatory care in Tanzania: findings and implications","volume":"59","author":"Massele","year":"2023","journal-title":"Medicina (Kaunas)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijregi.2026.100887_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2016.09.026","article-title":"Poverty and prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in invasive isolates","volume":"52","author":"Alvarez-Uria","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijregi.2026.100887_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)02724-0","article-title":"Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance in 2019: a systematic analysis","volume":"399","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijregi.2026.100887_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-021-00931-w","article-title":"Surveillance of antimicrobial resistance in low- and middle-income countries: a scattered picture","volume":"10","author":"Iskandar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Antimicrob Resist Infect Control"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijregi.2026.100887_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1042\/EBC20160053","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance in healthcare, agriculture and the environment: the biochemistry behind the headlines","volume":"61","author":"Venter","year":"2017","journal-title":"Essays Biochem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijregi.2026.100887_bib0012","author":"Jain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijregi.2026.100887_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00105","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00105-18","article-title":"Emergence of an extensively drug-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi clone harboring a promiscuous plasmid encoding resistance to fluoroquinolones and third-generation cephalosporins","volume":"9","author":"Klemm","year":"2018","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijregi.2026.100887_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2013.1589","article-title":"A cluster randomized trial of decision support strategies for reducing antibiotic use in acute bronchitis","volume":"173","author":"Gonzales","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijregi.2026.100887_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1186","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11091186","article-title":"Educational interventions to reduce prescription and dispensing of antibiotics in primary care: a systematic review of economic impact","volume":"11","author":"Rocha","year":"2022","journal-title":"Antibiotics (Basel)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijregi.2026.100887_bib0016","article-title":"Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) in primary care: narrative review of C reactive protein (CRP) point-of-care testing (POCT) and antibacterial use in patients who present with symptoms of RTI","volume":"7","author":"Cooke","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Open Respir Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijregi.2026.100887_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-069453","article-title":"Point-of-care measurement of C-reactive protein promotes de-escalation of treatment decisions and strengthens the perceived clinical confidence of physicians in out-of-hours outpatient emergency medical services","volume":"13","author":"Matthes","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijregi.2026.100887_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"j1054","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.j1054","article-title":"Impact of introduction of rapid diagnostic tests for malaria on antibiotic prescribing: analysis of observational and randomised studies in public and private healthcare settings","volume":"356","author":"Hopkins","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijregi.2026.100887_bib0019","series-title":"Rapid diagnostics: stopping unnecessary use of antibiotics: the review on antimicrobial resistance","author":"O\u2019Neill","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijregi.2026.100887_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1007\/s12026-013-8384-0","article-title":"C-reactive protein and the biology of disease","volume":"56","author":"Ansar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Immunol Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijregi.2026.100887_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2004.01044.x","article-title":"C-reactive protein as a marker of infection in critically ill patients","volume":"11","author":"P\u00f3voa","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijregi.2026.100887_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2020-002396","article-title":"The good and the bad: using C reactive protein to distinguish bacterial from non-bacterial infection among febrile patients in low-resource settings","volume":"5","author":"Escadafal","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Glob Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijregi.2026.100887_bib0023","unstructured":"Actim\u00ae CRP, https:\/\/www.actimtest.com\/actim-crp\/; n.d. [accessed 25 January 2024]."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijregi.2026.100887_bib0024","first-page":"134","article-title":"A pragmatic biomarker-driven algorithm to guide antibiotic use in the pediatric intensive care unit: the optimizing antibiotic strategies in sepsis (OASIS) study","volume":"6","author":"Downes","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Pediatr Infect Dis Soc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijregi.2026.100887_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0307193","article-title":"Biomarker guided antibiotic stewardship in community acquired pneumonia: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"19","author":"Duijkers","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijregi.2026.100887_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1004416","article-title":"Point-of-care C-reactive protein measurement by community health workers safely reduces antimicrobial use among children with respiratory illness in rural Uganda: a stepped wedge cluster randomized trial","volume":"21","author":"Ciccone","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijregi.2026.100887_bib0027","article-title":"Biomarkers as point-of-care tests to guide prescription of antibiotics in people with acute respiratory infections in primary care","volume":"10","author":"Smedemark","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijregi.2026.100887_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(23)00125-1","article-title":"Implementation of point-of-care testing of C-reactive protein concentrations to improve antibiotic targeting in respiratory illness in Vietnamese primary care: a pragmatic cluster-randomised controlled trial","volume":"23","author":"Do","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijregi.2026.100887_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003543.pub3","article-title":"Interventions to improve antibiotic prescribing practices for hospital inpatients","volume":"2013","author":"Davey","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijregi.2026.100887_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2025.103667","article-title":"Antibiotic stewardship and point-of-care testing for children in 25 low-income and lower-middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"90","author":"Gres","year":"2025","journal-title":"EClinicalmedicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijregi.2026.100887_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2025.102847","article-title":"Impact of point-of-care PCR testing on antibiotic prescribing in pediatric outpatients with acute respiratory infections: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"18","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Infect Public Health"}],"container-title":["IJID Regions"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2772707626000500?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2772707626000500?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T16:42:37Z","timestamp":1782751357000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2772707626000500"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"references-count":30,"alternative-id":["S2772707626000500"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijregi.2026.100887","relation":{},"ISSN":["2772-7076"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2772-7076","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Effectiveness of clinical algorithms combined with point-of-care testing to improve antibiotic prescribing practices of physicians in outpatient setting of a low- to middle-income country: A pre-post\u2013intervention study","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"IJID Regions","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijregi.2026.100887","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of International Society for Infectious Diseases.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"100887"}}