{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T12:04:28Z","timestamp":1790337868664,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787875200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["IJID Regions"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijregi.2026.100998","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T15:17:37Z","timestamp":1788448657000},"page":"100998","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Enteric bacterial etiology, antimicrobial resistance profiles, and evaluation of epidemiological risk factors among elderly patients with diarrhea in an urban Kenyan hospital: a cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Eunice","family":"Maina","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Perpetual","family":"Ndung\u2019u","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Karanja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5604-9987","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gervason","family":"Moriasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijregi.2026.100998_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30362-1","article-title":"Estimates of the global, regional, and national morbidity, mortality, and aetiologies of diarrhoea in 195 countries: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016","volume":"18","author":"Troeger","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijregi.2026.100998_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(24)00691-1","article-title":"Global regional, and national age-sex-specific burden of diarrhoeal diseases, their risk factors, and aetiologies, 1990\u20132021, for 204 countries and territories: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021","volume":"25","author":"Kyu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijregi.2026.100998_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2221","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)02185-7","article-title":"Global mortality associated with 33 bacterial pathogens in 2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019","volume":"400","author":"Ikuta","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijregi.2026.100998_bib0004","article-title":"Global burden of diarrhea disease in the older adult and its attributable risk factors from 1990 to 2021: a comprehensive analysis from the global burden of disease study 2021","volume":"13","author":"Zhao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijregi.2026.100998_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"afac072","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afac072","article-title":"Intensity of COVID-19 in care homes following hospital discharge in the early stages of the UK epidemic","volume":"51","author":"Hollinghurst","year":"2022","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijregi.2026.100998_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(17)30276-1","article-title":"Estimates of global, regional, and national morbidity, mortality, and aetiologies of diarrhoeal diseases: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015","volume":"17","author":"Troeger","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijregi.2026.100998_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.3390\/geriatrics9020025","article-title":"Dietary Adherence and Cognitive Performance in Older Adults by Nativity Status: Results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), 2011\u20132014","volume":"9","author":"Alam","year":"2024","journal-title":"Geriatrics (Basel)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijregi.2026.100998_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2024-085011","article-title":"Long-term sickness absence trajectories and associated occupational and lifestyle-related factors: a longitudinal study among young and early midlife Finnish employees with pain","volume":"14","author":"Fagerlund","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijregi.2026.100998_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2052","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12102052","article-title":"Immunosenescence: how aging increases susceptibility to bacterial infections and virulence factors","volume":"12","author":"Theodorakis","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijregi.2026.100998_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1002\/JLB.3RI0620-405RR","article-title":"Age-related changes in intestinal immunity and the microbiome","volume":"109","author":"Walrath","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijregi.2026.100998_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12040775","article-title":"The impact of immune system aging on infectious diseases","volume":"12","author":"Quiros-Roldan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijregi.2026.100998_bib0012","series-title":"Chronic Diarrhea in the Older Adult. Geriatric Gastroenterology","first-page":"1265","author":"Schiller","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijregi.2026.100998_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2016.126","article-title":"Clinical guideline, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of acute diarrheal infections in adults","volume":"111","author":"Riddle","year":"2016","journal-title":"Amer Jo Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijregi.2026.100998_bib0014","first-page":"245","article-title":"Polypharmacy-associated gut microbiota disruption and risk of enteric infection in elderly populations","volume":"22","author":"Nasrin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Geriatr Gerontol Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijregi.2026.100998_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-021-02267-x","article-title":"Clinical characteristics and factors related to antibiotic-associated diarrhoea in elderly patients with pneumonia: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"21","author":"Takedani","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijregi.2026.100998_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.13793","article-title":"Impact of integrated water, sanitation, hygiene, health and nutritional interventions on diarrhoea disease epidemiology and microbial quality of water in a resource-constrained setting in Kenya: a controlled intervention study","volume":"27","author":"Wandera","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijregi.2026.100998_bib0017","unstructured":"Government of the Republic of Kenya. National action plan on prevention and containment of antimicrobial resistance 2017\u20132022 [Internet]. Nairobi: Government of the Republic of Kenya; 2017. Available from: https:\/\/www.afro.who.int\/countries\/kenya\/publication\/nation-action-plan-prevention-and-containment-antimicrobial-resistance-2017-2022. Accessed on 29th June 2026."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijregi.2026.100998_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fitd.2025.1540713","article-title":"Kenya\u2019s National Action Plan on antimicrobial resistance: measuring implementation progress","volume":"6","author":"Mukoko","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Trop Diseas"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijregi.2026.100998_bib0019","series-title":"Kenya National Diarrhoeal Disease Control Programme guidelines","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijregi.2026.100998_bib0020","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Diarrhoeal disease. 2024.https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/diarrhoeal-disease. Accesssed on 29th June 2026."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijregi.2026.100998_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.07.084","article-title":"Antibiotic use in Kenyan public hospitals: Prevalence, appropriateness and link to guideline availability","volume":"99","author":"Maina","year":"2020","journal-title":"Internat J Infect Diseas"},{"issue":"Suppl. 2","key":"10.1016\/j.ijregi.2026.100998_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S883","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiab457","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance in endemic enteric infections in Kenya and the region, and efforts toward addressing the challenges","volume":"224","author":"Kariuki","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijregi.2026.100998_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-024-09114-5","article-title":"Enteric bacterial agents associated with diarrhea and heir antimicrobial sensitivity profiles in children under 5 years from mukuru informal settlement, Nairobi, Kenya","volume":"24","author":"Kiiru","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijregi.2026.100998_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3589","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S342753","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance rates and surveillance in Sub-Saharan Africa: Where are we now?","volume":"15","author":"Kariuki","year":"2022","journal-title":"Infect Drug Resist"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijregi.2026.100998_bib0025","first-page":"8980","article-title":"Risk factors to enteric bacterial prevalence and antimicrobial resistance among food handlers in Nairobi County, Kenya","volume":"102","author":"Mutinda","year":"2026","journal-title":"East Afr Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijregi.2026.100998_bib0026","article-title":"Tackling antimicrobial resistance to protect healthy ageing [editorial]","volume":"4","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Healthy Longev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijregi.2026.100998_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1978","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12101978","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance in the elderly: mechanisms, risk factors, and solutions","volume":"12","author":"Theodorakis","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijregi.2026.100998_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1353\/hpu.2018.0022","article-title":"Water, sanitation and hygiene situation in Kenya's urban slums","volume":"29","author":"Kamau","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Health Care Poor Underserved"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijregi.2026.100998_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2021.113876","article-title":"A new measure of hygiene inequality applied to urban-rural comparison","volume":"239","author":"Quispe-Coica","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Hyg Environ Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijregi.2026.100998_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.4103\/picr.PICR_124_18","article-title":"Study designs: Part 1 \u2013 An overview and classification","volume":"9","author":"Ranganathan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Perspect Clin Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijregi.2026.100998_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60844-2","article-title":"Burden and aetiology of diarrhoeal disease in infants and young children in developing countries (the Global Enteric Multicenter Study, GEMS): a prospective, case-control study","volume":"382","author":"Kotloff","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijregi.2026.100998_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/ijm\/6093453","article-title":"Prevalence, antimicrobial resistance, and risk factors of enteric bacterial infections among children under five in Nairobi County, Kenya","volume":"2025","author":"Kimile","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijregi.2026.100998_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1086\/318514","article-title":"Practice guidelines for the management of infectious diarrhea","volume":"32","author":"Guerrant","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijregi.2026.100998_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00073-14","article-title":"Practical guidance for clinical microbiology laboratories: diagnosis of bacterial gastroenteritis","volume":"28","author":"Humphries","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijregi.2026.100998_bib0035","first-page":"206","article-title":"The use and abuse of routine stool microbiology: a College of American Pathologists Q-Probes study of 601 institutions","volume":"120","author":"Valenstein","year":"1996","journal-title":"Arch Pathol Lab Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijregi.2026.100998_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1756","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)32126-2","article-title":"Ulcerative colitis","volume":"389","author":"Ungaro","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijregi.2026.100998_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.13735","article-title":"Burden of diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli in Santa Rosa, Guatemala in active health-services surveillance during 2008\u20132009 and 2014\u20132015","volume":"27","author":"Jarquin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijregi.2026.100998_bib0038","series-title":"Clinical microbiology procedures handbook.","article-title":"Laboratory procedures for culture and identification of enteric bacteria","author":"Lee","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijregi.2026.100998_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1364","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.13217","article-title":"The Laboratory diagnosis of clostridioides difficile infection: An update of current laboratory practice","volume":"15","author":"Somily","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Infect Develop Countr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijregi.2026.100998_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/125.4.390","article-title":"Acute enteritis due to related vibrio: first positive stool cultures","volume":"125","author":"Dekeyser","year":"1972","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijregi.2026.100998_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.35.4.462","article-title":"A selective medium for isolating Campylobacter jejuni\/coli","volume":"35","author":"Bolton","year":"1982","journal-title":"J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijregi.2026.100998_bib0042","series-title":"Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijregi.2026.100998_bib0043","series-title":"Methods for antimicrobial susceptibility testing of anaerobic bacteria","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijregi.2026.100998_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03570.x","article-title":"Multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant and pandrug-resistant bacteria: an international expert proposal for interim standard definitions for acquired resistance","volume":"18","author":"Magiorakos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijregi.2026.100998_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2019.05.004","article-title":"Burden of disease from inadequate water, sanitation and hygiene for selected adverse health outcomes: an updated analysis with a focus on low- and middle-income countries","volume":"222","author":"Pr\u00fcss-Ust\u00fcn","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Hyg Environ Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijregi.2026.100998_bib0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-019-3875-9","article-title":"Exploring the complex relationship between women\u2019s sanitation practices and household diarrhea in the slums of Nairobi: a cross-sectional study","volume":"19","author":"Winter","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijregi.2026.100998_bib0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-020-08728-z","article-title":"Risk reduction of diarrhea and respiratory infections following a community health education program: a facility-based case-control study in rural parts of Kenya","volume":"20","author":"Karinja","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijregi.2026.100998_bib0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1002\/nur.20147","article-title":"The Content Validity Index: are you sure you know what\u2019s being reported? Critique and recommendations","volume":"29","author":"Polit","year":"2006","journal-title":"Res Nurs Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijregi.2026.100998_bib0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1002\/nur.20199","article-title":"Is the CVI an acceptable indicator of content validity? Appraisal and recommendations","volume":"30","author":"Polit","year":"2007","journal-title":"Res Nurs Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijregi.2026.100998_bib0050","series-title":"Psychometric theory","author":"Nunnally","year":"1978"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijregi.2026.100998_bib0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.2307\/2529310","article-title":"The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data","volume":"33","author":"Landis","year":"1977","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijregi.2026.100998_bib0052","first-page":"90","article-title":"Sex and gender differences in bacterial infections","author":"Dias","year":"2022","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijregi.2026.100998_bib0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.36519\/idcm.2025.458","article-title":"An analysis of bacterial infection distribution in the elderly, and their clinical and laboratory profiles: aging and bacterial infection","volume":"7","author":"Karako\u00e7-Parlayan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Infect Dis Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijregi.2026.100998_bib0054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1864","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-024-19334-8","article-title":"Etiology-specific incidence and mortality of diarrheal diseases in the African region: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"24","author":"Thystrup","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijregi.2026.100998_bib0056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2019.08.032","article-title":"Differential roles of comorbidity burden and functional status in elderly and non-elderly patients with infections in general wards","volume":"119","author":"Chou","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Formosan Med Associat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijregi.2026.100998_bib0057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cger.2020.08.008","article-title":"Common diarrheal illnesses in the elderly","volume":"37","author":"Dawod","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Geriatr Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijregi.2026.100998_bib0058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.3201\/eid3014.240374","article-title":"Azithromycin resistance patterns in Escherichia coli and Shigella before and after COVID-19, Kenya","volume":"30","author":"Odundo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijregi.2026.100998_bib0059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2024.107419","article-title":"Epidemiology of antimicrobial-resistant diarrheagenic Escherichia coli pathotypes from children, livestock and food in dagoretti south, Nairobi Kenya","volume":"65","author":"Okumu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijregi.2026.100998_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloepi.2026.100281","article-title":"Clostridioides difficile in West Africa: a systematic review of the limited evidence and key knowledge gaps","volume":"12","author":"Usuanlele","year":"2026","journal-title":"Glob Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijregi.2026.100998_bib0061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1099\/acmi.0.000171","article-title":"High levels of toxigenic Clostridioides difficile contamination of hospital environments: a hidden threat in hospital-acquired infections in Kenya","volume":"2","author":"Odoyo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Access Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijregi.2026.100998_bib0062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2024.01.002","article-title":"Clostridioides difficile infections, recurrences, and clinical outcomes in real-world settings from 2015 to 2019: The RECUR England study","volume":"140","author":"Ghosh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Internat J Infect Diseas"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijregi.2026.100998_bib0063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cger.2025.09.002","article-title":"Update on Clostridioides difficile Infection in Older Adults","volume":"42","author":"Donskey","year":"2026","journal-title":"Clin Geriatr Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijregi.2026.100998_bib0064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0245951","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis reveal that Campylobacter spp. and antibiotic resistance are widespread in humans in sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"16","author":"Hlashwayo","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijregi.2026.100998_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2022.10.042","article-title":"Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance profiles of Campylobacter species in South Africa: a \u201cOne Health\u201d approach using systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"125","author":"Ramatla","year":"2022","journal-title":"Internat J Infect Diseas"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijregi.2026.100998_bib0066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2025.05.008","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance in Campylobacter spp. focussing on C. jejuni and C. coli \u2013 A narrative review","volume":"43","author":"Mohan","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Glob Antimicrob Resist"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijregi.2026.100998_bib0067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2019.108382","article-title":"Prevalence of Campylobacter and Salmonella in African food animals and meat: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"315","author":"Thomas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Food Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijregi.2026.100998_bib0068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines13010029","article-title":"Foodborne infections and Salmonella: current primary prevention tools and future perspectives","volume":"13","author":"Zizza","year":"2024","journal-title":"Vaccines"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijregi.2026.100998_bib0069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0288015","article-title":"Seroprevalence of non-typhoidal Salmonella disease and associated factors in children in Mukuru settlement in Nairobi County, Kenya","volume":"18","author":"Peter","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijregi.2026.100998_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1186\/s43094-024-00676-4","article-title":"The role of Shigella spp. in propagating bacillary dysentery in humans and the prominence of nanotechnology in disease prevention","volume":"10","author":"Hmar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Future J Pharm Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijregi.2026.100998_bib0071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30475-4","article-title":"Morbidity and mortality due to shigella and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli diarrhoea: the Global Burden of Disease Study 1990\u20132016","volume":"18","author":"Khalil","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijregi.2026.100998_bib0072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics13010076","article-title":"An overview of epidemiology, pathogenesis, and innovative approaches to mitigate the antimicrobial resistant infections","volume":"13","author":"Lamichhane","year":"2024","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijregi.2026.100998_bib0073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2022.102262","article-title":"One species, different diseases: the unique molecular mechanisms that underlie the pathogenesis of typhoidal Salmonella infections","volume":"72","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr Opin Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijregi.2026.100998_bib0074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2484","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9122484","article-title":"Emerging Trends of Multidrug-Resistant (MDR) and Extensively Drug-Resistant (XDR) Salmonella Typhi in a Tertiary Care Hospital of Lahore, Pakistan","volume":"9","author":"Zakir","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijregi.2026.100998_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens14070648","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance, virulence genes, and molecular diversity of clinical Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates from patients of district hospital in central Poland","volume":"14","author":"Kot","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijregi.2026.100998_bib0076","first-page":"92","article-title":"Deciphering the gastrointestinal carriage of Klebsiella pneumoniae","author":"Bray","year":"2024","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijregi.2026.100998_bib0077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pessoa R.B.G., Oliveira W.F. de, Correia M.T. dos S, Fontes A., Coelho L.C.B.B. Aeromonas and human health disorders: Clinical approaches. Front Microbiol. 2022;13. doi:10.3389\/fmicb.2022.868890","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.868890"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijregi.2026.100998_bib0079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgph.0006011","article-title":"Cholera in Kenya: A scoping review of current research, evidence gaps and future directions","volume":"6","author":"Wamae","year":"2026","journal-title":"PLOS Global Publ Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijregi.2026.100998_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgph.0002880","article-title":"Pathways of exposure to Vibrio cholerae in an urban informal settlement in Nairobi, Kenya","volume":"4","author":"Kering","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLOS Glob Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijregi.2026.100998_bib0081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed9040087","article-title":"Global, regional and national burden of human cystic echinococcosis from 1990 to 2019: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease Study 2019","volume":"9","author":"Tian","year":"2024","journal-title":"Trop Med Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijregi.2026.100998_bib0083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-024-10104-w","article-title":"Multidrug-resistant Salmonella typhi among symptomatic and asymptomatic children in informal settlements in Nairobi, Kenya","volume":"24","author":"Kavai","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijregi.2026.100998_bib0084","first-page":"7","article-title":"Fluoroquinolone-resistant enteric bacteria in sub-Saharan Africa: clones, implications and research needs","author":"Chattaway","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijregi.2026.100998_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00082-09","article-title":"The changing epidemiology of Clostridium difficile infections","volume":"23","author":"Freeman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijregi.2026.100998_bib0086","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101687","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nmni.2025.101687","article-title":"Global prevalence of fluoroquinolone resistance in common Campylobacter species associated with human infections","volume":"69","author":"Aghmiyuni","year":"2026","journal-title":"New Microbes New Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijregi.2026.100998_bib0087","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0199974","article-title":"Fluoroquinolone resistance in Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli from poultry and human samples assessed by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism assay","volume":"13","author":"Sierra-Arguello","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijregi.2026.100998_bib0088","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1080\/09603123.2018.1550193","article-title":"21st century research in urban WASH and health in sub-Saharan Africa: methods and outcomes in transition","volume":"29","author":"Mackinnon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Environ Health Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijregi.2026.100998_bib0089","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.13051","article-title":"Impact of drinking water, sanitation and handwashing with soap on childhood diarrhoeal disease: updated meta-analysis and meta-regression","volume":"23","author":"Wolf","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijregi.2026.100998_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3641","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-025-24951-y","article-title":"Effect of safe water delivery plus water and sanitation hygiene behavior change communication on diarrheal disease prevalence among children under 5 years in a slum setting in Nairobi, Kenya: a quasi-experimental study","volume":"25","author":"Izudi","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijregi.2026.100998_bib0091","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e45","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix669","article-title":"2017 Infectious Diseases Society of America clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of infectious diarrhea","volume":"65","author":"Shane","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"}],"container-title":["IJID Regions"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2772707626001608?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2772707626001608?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T11:53:40Z","timestamp":1790337220000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2772707626001608"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"references-count":88,"alternative-id":["S2772707626001608"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijregi.2026.100998","relation":{},"ISSN":["2772-7076"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2772-7076","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Enteric bacterial etiology, antimicrobial resistance profiles, and evaluation of epidemiological risk factors among elderly patients with diarrhea in an urban Kenyan hospital: a cross-sectional study","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"IJID Regions","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijregi.2026.100998","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of International Society for Infectious Diseases.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"100998"}}