{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T22:28:54Z","timestamp":1783463334480,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,6,1]],"date-time":"2005-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1117584000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2004.10.043","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,3,11]],"date-time":"2005-03-11T12:26:37Z","timestamp":1110543997000},"page":"486-493","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Phase II multicenter randomized study of amifostine for prevention of acute radiation rectal toxicity: Topical intrarectal versus subcutaneous application"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"62","author":[{"given":"Vassilis E.","family":"Kouloulias","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John R.","family":"Kouvaris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George","family":"Pissakas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elias","family":"Mallas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christos","family":"Antypas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John D.","family":"Kokakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George","family":"Matsopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Spyros","family":"Michopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyriaki","family":"Mystakidou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lambros J.","family":"Vlahos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2004.10.043_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/S0360-3016(98)00037-6","article-title":"Estimation of the incidence of late bladder and rectum complications after high-dose (70\u201378 Gy) conformal radiotherapy for prostate cancer, using dose\u2013volume histograms","volume":"41","author":"Boersma","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2004.10.043_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/0360-3016(91)90171-Y","article-title":"Tolerance of normal tissue to therapeutic irradiation","volume":"21","author":"Emami","year":"1991","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2004.10.043_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.2307\/3576626","article-title":"Complication probability as assessed from dose-volume histograms","volume":"104","author":"Lyman","year":"1985","journal-title":"Radiat Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2004.10.043_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1623","DOI":"10.1016\/0360-3016(89)90972-3","article-title":"Calculation of complication probabilities factors for nonuniform normal tissue irradiation","volume":"16","author":"Kutcher","year":"1989","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2004.10.043_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1016\/0360-3016(95)00253-7","article-title":"Variation in volumes, dose\u2013volume histograms, and estimated normal tissue complication probabilities of rectum and bladder during conformal radiotherapy of T3 prostate cancer","volume":"33","author":"Lebesque","year":"1995","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2004.10.043_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1016\/S0360-3016(00)00744-6","article-title":"Acute radiation proctitis","volume":"48","author":"Hovdenak","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"},{"issue":"Suppl. 3","key":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2004.10.043_bib7","first-page":"85","article-title":"Radiation proctitis","volume":"174","author":"Zimmermann","year":"1998","journal-title":"Strahlenther Onkol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2004.10.043_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1501","DOI":"10.1016\/0360-3016(86)90203-8","article-title":"Human pharmacokinetics of WR-2721","volume":"12","author":"Shaw","year":"1986","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2004.10.043_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3339","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2000.18.19.3339","article-title":"Phase III randomized trial of amifostine as a radioprotector in head and neck cancer","volume":"18","author":"Brizel","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2004.10.043_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3333","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.1999.17.10.3333","article-title":"American Society of Clinical Oncology clinical practice guidelines for the use of chemotherapy and radiotherapy protectants","volume":"17","author":"Hensley","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2004.10.043_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1007\/s00066-003-0970-y","article-title":"Amifostine as radioprotective agent for the mucosa of the rectum in pelvic irradiated tumors","volume":"179","author":"Kouvaris","year":"2003","journal-title":"Strahlenther Onkol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2004.10.043_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.2307\/3578933","article-title":"Topical application of WR-2721 achieves high concentrations in the rectal wall","volume":"143","author":"Ben-Josef","year":"1995","journal-title":"Radiat Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2004.10.043_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1160","DOI":"10.1016\/S0360-3016(02)02883-3","article-title":"A pilot study of topical intrarectal application of amifostine for prevention of late radiation rectal injury","volume":"53","author":"Ben-Josef","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2004.10.043_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2226","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2000.18.11.2226","article-title":"Subcutaneous administration of amifostine during fractionated radiotherapy","volume":"18","author":"Koukourakis","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"6 Suppl. 19","key":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2004.10.043_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/S0093-7754(02)70016-X","article-title":"Phase II trial of subcutaneous amifostine in patients undergoing radiation therapy for head and neck cancer","volume":"29","author":"Anne","year":"2002","journal-title":"Semin Oncol"},{"issue":"6 Suppl. 19","key":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2004.10.043_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1053\/sonc.2002.37348","article-title":"Preliminary data of the GORTEC 2000-02 phase III trial comparing intravenous and subcutaneous administration of amifostine for head and neck tumors treated by external radiotherapy","volume":"29","author":"Bardet","year":"2002","journal-title":"Semin Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2004.10.043_bib17","series-title":"Handbook for reporting results of cancer treatment","year":"1979"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2004.10.043_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.1016\/0360-3016(95)00060-C","article-title":"Toxicity criteria of the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) and the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC)","volume":"31","author":"Cox","year":"1995","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2004.10.043_bib19","first-page":"191","article-title":"Working party report by the Committee for Minimal Standards of Terminology and Documentation in Digestive Endoscopy of the European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy","volume":"91","author":"Crespi","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2004.10.043_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1015863530888","article-title":"Suitability of various noninfinity area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) estimates for use in bioequivalence determinations","volume":"8","author":"Martinez","year":"1991","journal-title":"Pharm Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2004.10.043_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1109\/4233.748975","article-title":"Automatic retinal image registration scheme using global optimization techniques","volume":"3","author":"Matsopoulos","year":"1999","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Inf Technol Biomed"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2004.10.043_bib22","series-title":"Nonparametric statistics for the behavioral sciences","author":"Siegel","year":"1988"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2004.10.043_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2529","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0258(19971130)16:22<2529::AID-SIM692>3.0.CO;2-J","article-title":"Some comments on frequently used multiple endpoint adjustment methods in clinical trials","volume":"16","author":"Sankoh","year":"1997","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2004.10.043_bib24","first-page":"3634","article-title":"Uptake of WR-2721 derivatives by cells in culture","volume":"48","author":"Calabro-Jones","year":"1988","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2004.10.043_bib25","first-page":"331","article-title":"Differential chemoprotection of normal and malignant tissues","volume":"42","author":"Yuhas","year":"1969","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2004.10.043_bib26","first-page":"1519","article-title":"Active versus passive absorption kinetics as the basis for selective protection of normal tissues by S-2-(3-aminopropylamino)-ethylphosphorothioic acid","volume":"40","author":"Yuhas","year":"1980","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2004.10.043_bib27","first-page":"1","article-title":"The current status of WR-2721 (amifostine)","volume":"3","author":"Schuchter","year":"1993","journal-title":"Biologic Ther Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2004.10.043_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2820","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19920601)69:11<2820::AID-CNCR2820691130>3.0.CO;2-T","article-title":"Use of radiation with or without WR-2721 in advanced rectal cancer","volume":"69","author":"Liu","year":"1992","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2004.10.043_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00002350","article-title":"Intermittent use of amifostine during postoperative radio-chemotherapy and acute toxicity in rectal cancer patients","volume":"176","author":"Dunst","year":"2000","journal-title":"Strahlenther Onkol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2004.10.043_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1016\/0360-3016(92)90527-O","article-title":"Interim analysis of a randomized trial of radiation therapy of rectal cancer with\/without WR-2721","volume":"22","author":"Kligerman","year":"1992","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2004.10.043_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1159\/000066055","article-title":"Cytoprotective effect of amifostine in radiation-induced acute mucositis\u2014A retrospective analysis","volume":"25","author":"Kouvaris","year":"2002","journal-title":"Onkologie"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2004.10.043_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19920601)69:11<2826::AID-CNCR2820691131>3.0.CO;2-8","article-title":"Topical application of WR-2721 to prevent radiation-induced proctosigmoiditis","volume":"69","author":"Montana","year":"1992","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2004.10.043_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1053\/srao.2002.31379","article-title":"Intrarectal application of amifostine for the prevention of radiation-induced rectal injury","volume":"12","author":"Ben-Josef","year":"2002","journal-title":"Semin Radiat Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2004.10.043_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr.70.833.9227235","article-title":"Predicting late rectal complications following prostate conformal radiotherapy using biologically effective doses and normalised dose-surface histograms","volume":"70","author":"MacKay","year":"1997","journal-title":"Br J Radiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2004.10.043_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/S0360-3016(98)00400-3","article-title":"Normal tissue complication probabilities correlated with late effects in the rectum after prostate conformal radiotherapy","volume":"43","author":"Dale","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2004.10.043_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5107(97)70298-0","article-title":"A randomised prospective study of endoscopic bipolar electrocoagulation and heater probe treatment of chronic rectal bleeding from radiation telangiectasia","volume":"45","author":"Jensen","year":"1997","journal-title":"Gastrointest Endosc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2004.10.043_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"l121","DOI":"10.1016\/0360-3016(95)02030-6","article-title":"A method of analyzing rectal surface area irradiated and rectal complication in prostate conformal radiotherapy","volume":"33","author":"Lu","year":"1995","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2004.10.043_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-8140(99)00173-5","article-title":"Endoscopic scoring of late rectal mucosa after conformal radiotherapy for prostatic carcinoma","volume":"54","author":"Wachter","year":"2000","journal-title":"Radiother Oncol"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0360301604028275?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0360301604028275?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,3]],"date-time":"2019-02-03T12:01:56Z","timestamp":1549195316000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0360301604028275"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2005,6]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,6]]}},"alternative-id":["S0360301604028275"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2004.10.043","relation":{},"ISSN":["0360-3016"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0360-3016","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2005,6]]}}}