{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T02:30:43Z","timestamp":1789871443567,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,1]],"date-time":"2011-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1320105600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2011.02.006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,4,19]],"date-time":"2011-04-19T11:48:49Z","timestamp":1303213729000},"page":"e325-e334","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":69,"title":["Outcomes After Intensity-Modulated Versus Conformal Radiotherapy in Older Men With Nonmetastatic Prostate Cancer"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"81","author":[{"given":"Justin E.","family":"Bekelman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nandita","family":"Mitra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason","family":"Efstathiou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaijun","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Sunderland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deborah N.","family":"Yeboa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katrina","family":"Armstrong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2011.02.006_bib1","article-title":"In health reform, a cancer offers an acid test","author":"Leonhardt","year":"2009","journal-title":"New York Times"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2011.02.006_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2789","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.299.23.2789","article-title":"The perfect storm of overutilization","volume":"299","author":"Emanuel","year":"2008","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2011.02.006_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1016\/0360-3016(96)00174-5","article-title":"Conformal radiation treatment of prostate cancer using inversely-planned intensity-modulated photon beams produced with dynamic multileaf collimation","volume":"35","author":"Ling","year":"1996","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"},{"issue":"3 Suppl.","key":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2011.02.006_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2009.09.040","article-title":"Quantitative Analyses of Normal Tissue Effects in the Clinic (QUANTEC): An introduction to the scientific issues","volume":"76","author":"Bentzen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2011.02.006_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/0360-3016(91)90171-Y","article-title":"Tolerance of normal tissue to therapeutic irradiation","volume":"21","author":"Emami","year":"1991","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2011.02.006_bib6","series-title":"Comparative effectiveness of therapies for clinically localized prostate cancer. Comparative Effectiveness Review No. 13. Prepared by Minnesota Evidence-based Practice Center under contract no. 290-02-0009","author":"Wilt","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2011.02.006_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3310\/hta14470","article-title":"Intensity-modulated radiotherapy for the treatment of prostate cancer: A systematic review and economic evaluation","volume":"14","author":"Hummel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Health Technology Assessment"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2011.02.006_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2008.01.012","article-title":"Randomized controlled trials in health technology assessment: Overkill or overdue?","volume":"86","author":"Bentzen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Radiother Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2011.02.006_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1296","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.21284","article-title":"Intensity-modulated radiation therapy use in the U.S., 2004","volume":"104","author":"Mell","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2011.02.006_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.312.7040.1215","article-title":"Why we need observational studies to evaluate the effectiveness of health care","volume":"312","author":"Black","year":"1996","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2011.02.006_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2152","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)61930-3","article-title":"De testimonio: On the evidence for decisions about the use of therapeutic interventions","volume":"372","author":"Rawlins","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2011.02.006_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1097\/00005650-199308000-00006","article-title":"Potential for cancer related health services research using a linked Medicare-tumor registry database","volume":"31","author":"Potosky","year":"1993","journal-title":"Medical Care"},{"issue":"Suppl. 8","key":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2011.02.006_bib13","first-page":"IV62","article-title":"Measuring complications of cancer treatment using the SEER-medicare data","volume":"40","author":"Potosky","year":"2002","journal-title":"Med Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2011.02.006_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1456","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2007.05.020","article-title":"Variation in adherence to external beam radiotherapy quality measures among elderly men with localized prostate cancer","volume":"69","author":"Bekelman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2011.02.006_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2010.1","article-title":"Physician visits prior to treatment for clinically localized prostate cancer","volume":"170","author":"Jang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2011.02.006_bib16","unstructured":"CMS Manual System. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS). Department of Health & Human Services (DHHS). Pub. No. 100\u201304 Medicare Claims Processing Transmittal 1139. Change Request 5438. December 22, 2006. Available at http:\/\/www.cms.hhs.gov\/transmittals\/downloads\/R1139CP.pdf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2011.02.006_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2008.09.034","article-title":"Provider case volume and outcomes following prostate brachytherapy","volume":"181","author":"Chen","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2011.02.006_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5298","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2006.07.9954","article-title":"Patient and treatment factors associated with complications after prostate brachytherapy","volume":"24","author":"Chen","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2011.02.006_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.24008","article-title":"Major 30-day complications after radical radiotherapy: A population-based analysis and comparison with surgery","volume":"15","author":"Alibhai","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2011.02.006_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1138","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsa011788","article-title":"Variations in morbidity after radical prostatectomy","volume":"346","author":"Begg","year":"2002","journal-title":"New Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2011.02.006_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-4295(99)00100-4","article-title":"Effect of age and surgical approach on complications and short-term mortality after radical prostatectomy\u2014a population-based study","volume":"54","author":"Lu-Yao","year":"1999","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2011.02.006_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1557","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2009.1451","article-title":"Comparative effectiveness of minimally invasive vs open radical prostatectomy","volume":"302","author":"Hu","year":"2009","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2011.02.006_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1927","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2007.01470.x","article-title":"The effect of age on outcomes of sling surgery for urinary incontinence","volume":"55","author":"Anger","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2011.02.006_bib24","unstructured":"Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE). National Institutes of Health. National Cancer Institute. Available at http:\/\/evs.nci.nih.gov\/ftp1\/CTCAE\/CTCAE_4.02_2009-09-15_QuickReference_5x7.pdf."},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2011.02.006_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2009.03.078","article-title":"Radiation dose\u2013volume effects in radiation-induced rectal injury","volume":"76","author":"Michalski","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2011.02.006_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)05180-0","article-title":"Comparison of radiation side-effects of conformal and conventional radiotherapy in prostate cancer: A randomised trial","volume":"353","author":"Dearnaley","year":"1999","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2011.02.006_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1097\/00005650-199801000-00004","article-title":"Comorbidity measures for use with administrative data","volume":"36","author":"Elixhauser","year":"1998","journal-title":"Med Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2011.02.006_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1097\/00005650-200110000-00003","article-title":"Multivariate matching and bias reduction in the surgical outcomes study","volume":"39","author":"Silber","year":"2001","journal-title":"Med Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2011.02.006_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2683","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.296.22.2683","article-title":"Survival associated with treatment vs observation of localized prostate cancer in elderly men","volume":"296","author":"Wong","year":"2006","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2011.02.006_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-127-8_Part_2-199710151-00064","article-title":"Estimating causal effects from large data sets using propensity scores","volume":"127","author":"Rubin","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2011.02.006_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/70.1.41","article-title":"The central role of the propensity score in observational studies for causal effects","volume":"70","author":"Rosenbaum","year":"1983","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2011.02.006_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwj149","article-title":"Variable selection for propensity score models","volume":"163","author":"Brookhart","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2011.02.006_bib33","series-title":"Modelling survival data in medical research","author":"Collett","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2011.02.006_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1398","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.2606","article-title":"Sensitivity of the hazard ratio to nonignorable treatment assignment in an observational study","volume":"26","author":"Mitra","year":"2007","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2011.02.006_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.2307\/2533848","article-title":"Assessing the sensitivity of regression results to unmeasured confounders in observational studies","volume":"54","author":"Lin","year":"1998","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2011.02.006_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0887-378X.2004.00305.x","article-title":"Changes in elderly disability rates and the implications for health care utilization and cost","volume":"82","author":"Spillman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Milbank Q"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2011.02.006_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2009.02.090","article-title":"Radiation dose\/volume effects of the urinary bladder","volume":"76","author":"Viswanathan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2011.02.006_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(07)70143-2","article-title":"Escalated-dose versus standard-dose conformal radiotherapy in prostate cancer: first results from the MRC RT01 randomised controlled trial","volume":"8","author":"Dearnaley","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2011.02.006_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2007.06.054","article-title":"Long-term results of the M. D. Anderson randomized dose-escalation trial for prostate cancer","volume":"70","author":"Kuban","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2011.02.006_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1990","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2005.05.2530","article-title":"Dose-response in radiotherapy for localized prostate cancer: results of the Dutch multicenter randomized phase III trial comparing 68 Gy of radiotherapy with 78 Gy","volume":"24","author":"Peeters","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2011.02.006_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.1016\/S0360-3016(02)02836-5","article-title":"Preliminary observations on biochemical relapse-free survival rates after short-course intensity-modulated radiotherapy (70 Gy at 2.5 Gy\/fraction) for localized prostate cancer","volume":"53","author":"Kupelian","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2011.02.006_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1007\/s00066-006-1586-9","article-title":"Does treatment of the pelvic nodes with IMRT increase late rectal toxicity over conformal prostate-only radiotherapy to 76 Gy?","volume":"182","author":"Sanguineti","year":"2006","journal-title":"Strahlenther Onkol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2011.02.006_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-4295(00)00890-6","article-title":"Toxicity following high-dose three-dimensional conformal and intensity-modulated radiation therapy for clinically localized prostate cancer","volume":"57","author":"Shu","year":"2001","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2011.02.006_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2007.01.043","article-title":"Analysis of biochemical control and prognostic factors in patients treated with either low-dose three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy or high-dose intensity-modulated radiotherapy for localized prostate cancer","volume":"68","author":"Vora","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2011.02.006_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2007.11.044","article-title":"Incidence of late rectal and urinary toxicities after three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy and intensity-modulated radiotherapy for localized prostate cancer","volume":"70","author":"Zelefsky","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2011.02.006_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-2042.2010.02592.x","article-title":"Late toxicity after conformal and intensity-modulated radiation therapy for prostate cancer: Impact of previous surgery for benign prostatic hyperplasia","volume":"17","author":"Odrazka","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Urol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2011.02.006_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1507","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.11212","article-title":"Trends in prostate cancer mortality among black men and white men in the United States","volume":"97","author":"Chu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2011.02.006_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2009.04.094","article-title":"Radiation dose\u2013volume effects and the penile bulb","volume":"76","author":"Roach","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2011.02.006_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1016\/S0360-3016(03)01617-1","article-title":"Intensity-modulated radiotherapy with MRI simulation to reduce doses received by erectile tissue during prostate cancer treatment","volume":"58","author":"Buyyounouski","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2011.02.006_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2004.01.024","article-title":"Dosimetry and radiobiologic model comparison of IMRT and 3D conformal radiotherapy in treatment of carcinoma of the prostate","volume":"59","author":"Luxton","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2011.02.006_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1724","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)16260-0","article-title":"Those confounded vitamins: What can we learn from the differences between observational versus randomised trial evidence?","volume":"363","author":"Lawlor","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2011.02.006_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2009.03.001","article-title":"A most stubborn bias: No adjustment method fully resolves confounding by indication in observational studies","volume":"63","author":"Bosco","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2011.02.006_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39070.527986.68","article-title":"When are randomised trials unnecessary? Picking signal from noise","volume":"334","author":"Glasziou","year":"2007","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2011.02.006_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.280.6206.44","article-title":"Randomised controlled trials and retrospective controls","volume":"280","author":"Doll","year":"1980","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2011.02.006_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-151-3-200908040-00126","article-title":"Rethinking randomized clinical trials for comparative effectiveness research: The need for transformational change","volume":"151","author":"Luce","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann Int Med"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0360301611002392?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0360301611002392?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,3]],"date-time":"2018-12-03T10:50:13Z","timestamp":1543834213000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0360301611002392"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,11]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,11]]}},"alternative-id":["S0360301611002392"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2011.02.006","relation":{},"ISSN":["0360-3016"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0360-3016","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,11]]}}}