{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T18:06:42Z","timestamp":1790791602552,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,1]],"date-time":"2021-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627776000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,1]],"date-time":"2021-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627776000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,12]],"date-time":"2021-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1615507200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004325","name":"AstraZeneca","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004325","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011725","name":"Servier","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","redjournal.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2021.03.022","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,13]],"date-time":"2021-03-13T18:15:27Z","timestamp":1615659327000},"page":"1283-1294","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Low Doses of Radiation Increase the Immunosuppressive Profile of Lung Macrophages During Viral Infection and Pneumonia"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"110","author":[{"given":"Lydia","family":"Meziani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charlotte","family":"Robert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marion","family":"Classe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruno","family":"Da Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michele","family":"Mondini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C\u00e9line","family":"Cl\u00e9menson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexia","family":"Alfaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pierre","family":"Mordant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samy","family":"Ammari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ronan","family":"Le Goffic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Deutsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2021.03.022_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2001017","article-title":"China Novel Coronavirus Investigating and Research Team. A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019","volume":"382","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2021.03.022_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-13940-6","article-title":"Comparative therapeutic efficacy of remdesivir and combination lopinavir, ritonavir, and interferon beta against MERS-CoV","volume":"11","author":"Sheahan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2021.03.022_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30628-0","article-title":"COVID-19: Consider cytokine storm syndromes and immunosuppression","volume":"395","author":"Mehta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2021.03.022_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.08.002","article-title":"Elevated calprotectin and abnormal myeloid cell subsets discriminate severe from mild COVID-19","volume":"182","author":"Silvin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2021.03.022_bib0005","first-page":"237","article-title":"Radiation therapy of lobar pneumonia","volume":"32","author":"Powell","year":"1936","journal-title":"Tex State J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2021.03.022_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(43)80256-0","article-title":"Roentgen therapy of interstitial pneumonia","volume":"23","author":"Oppenheimer","year":"1943","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2021.03.022_bib0007","first-page":"478","article-title":"The effect of roentgen therapy on experimental virus pneumonia; On pneumonia produced in white mice by swine influenza virus","volume":"55","author":"Dubin","year":"1946","journal-title":"Am J Roentgenol Radium Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2021.03.022_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2020.07.026","article-title":"Low-dose whole-lung irradiation for COVID-19 pneumonia: Short course results","volume":"108","author":"Ameri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2021.03.022_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5109","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.33130","article-title":"Low-dose whole-lung radiation for COVID-19 pneumonia: Planned day 7 interim analysis of a registered clinical trial","volume":"126","author":"Hess","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2021.03.022_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2020.12.011","article-title":"Immunomodulatory low-dose whole-lung radiation for patients with coronavirus disease 2019\u2013Related pneumonia","volume":"109","author":"Hess","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2021.03.022_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1086","DOI":"10.1007\/s00066-020-01675-z","article-title":"Low-dose radiotherapy for COVID-19 pneumonia treatment: Case report, procedure, and literature review","volume":"196","author":"Del Castillo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Strahlenther Onkol Organ Dtsch Rontgengesellschaft Al"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2021.03.022_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12572","article-title":"Immunomodulation by ionizing radiation-impact for design of radio-immunotherapies and for treatment of inflammatory diseases","volume":"280","author":"Frey","year":"2017","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2021.03.022_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2705","article-title":"Tissue-resident macrophages","volume":"14","author":"Davies","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2021.03.022_bib0014","first-page":"363","article-title":"Two distinct interstitial macrophage populations coexist across tissues in specific subtissular niches","author":"Chakarov","year":"2019","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2021.03.022_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.aax8756","article-title":"Identification of a nerve-associated, lung-resident interstitial macrophage subset with distinct localization and immunoregulatory properties","volume":"5","author":"Ural","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2021.03.022_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-020-0331-4","article-title":"Pathological inflammation in patients with COVID-19: A key role for monocytes and macrophages","volume":"20","author":"Merad","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2021.03.022_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1534","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-09-2995","article-title":"Blockade of tumor necrosis factor alpha signaling in tumor-associated macrophages as a radiosensitizing strategy","volume":"70","author":"Meng","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2021.03.022_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/0360-3016(92)91027-K","article-title":"Molecular biology mechanisms in the radiation induction of pulmonary injury syndromes: Interrelationship between the alveolar macrophage and the septal fibroblast","volume":"24","author":"Rubin","year":"1992","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2021.03.022_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2013.09.014","article-title":"Low-dose irradiation programs macrophage differentiation to an iNOS+\/M1 phenotype that orchestrates effective T cell immunotherapy","volume":"24","author":"Klug","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2021.03.022_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.02120-2017","article-title":"CSF1R inhibition prevents radiation pulmonary fibrosis by depletion of interstitial macrophages","volume":"51","author":"Meziani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2021.03.022_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1186\/1465-9921-10-43","article-title":"Long-term activation of TLR3 by Poly(I:C) induces inflammation and impairs lung function in mice","volume":"10","author":"Stowell","year":"2009","journal-title":"Respir Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2021.03.022_bib0022","first-page":"3161750","article-title":"Low-dose irradiation differentially impacts macrophage phenotype in dependence of fibroblast-like synoviocytes and radiation dose","author":"Deloch","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Immunol Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2021.03.022_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1269\/jrr.08115","article-title":"Differential effects of irradiation with carbon ions and X-rays on macrophage function","volume":"50","author":"Conrad","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Radiat Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2021.03.022_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.3109\/09553002.2012.689464","article-title":"Low dose ionising radiation leads to a NF-\u03baB dependent decreased secretion of active IL-1\u03b2 by activated macrophages with a discontinuous dose-dependency","volume":"88","author":"L\u00f6dermann","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2021.03.022_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2020.04.004","article-title":"Is low dose radiation therapy a potential treatment for COVID-19 pneumonia?","volume":"147","author":"Kirkby","year":"2020","journal-title":"Radiother Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2021.03.022_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.14336\/AD.2020.0506","article-title":"Whole-lung low dose irradiation for SARS-Cov2 induced pneumonia in the geriatric population: An old effective treatment for a new disease? Recommendation of the International Geriatric Radiotherapy Group","volume":"11","author":"Lara","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aging Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2021.03.022_bib0027","first-page":"29","article-title":"Low dose anti-inflammatory radiotherapy for the treatment of pneumonia by COVID-19: A proposal for a multi-centric prospective trial","volume":"24","author":"Algara","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Transl Radiat Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2021.03.022_bib0028","first-page":"179","article-title":"Low dose lung radiotherapy for COVID-19-related cytokine storm syndrome: Why not?","volume":"24","author":"Cosset","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Radiother J Soc Francaise Radiother Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2021.03.022_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2020.05.002","article-title":"Low dose radiation therapy as a potential life saving treatment for COVID-19-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)","volume":"147","author":"Dhawan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Radiother Oncol J Eur Soc Ther Radiol Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2021.03.022_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2020.04.026","article-title":"Low dose radiation therapy for COVID-19 pneumonia: A double-edged sword","volume":"147","author":"Kefayat","year":"2020","journal-title":"Radiother Oncol J Eur Soc Ther Radiol Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2021.03.022_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3773","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.14367","article-title":"Low-dose radiation as a treatment for COVID-19 pneumonia: A threat or real opportunity?","volume":"47","author":"Mortazavi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med. Phys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2021.03.022_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2020.06.034","article-title":"Letter to the editor regarding \u201cLack of supporting data make the risks of a clinical trial of radiation therapy as a treatment for COVID-19 pneumonia unacceptable.\u201d","volume":"150","author":"Magrini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Radiother Oncol J Eur Soc Ther Radiol Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2021.03.022_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1228","DOI":"10.1080\/09553002.2020.1786609","article-title":"Is there any supportive evidence for low dose radiotherapy for COVID-19 pneumonia?","volume":"96","author":"Salomaa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2021.03.022_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1667\/RADE-20-00211.1","article-title":"Low-dose radiation therapy (LDRT) for COVID-19: Benefits or risks?","volume":"194","author":"Prasanna","year":"2020","journal-title":"Radiat Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2021.03.022_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2015432","article-title":"Pulmonary vascular endothelialitis, thrombosis, and angiogenesis in COVID-19","volume":"383","author":"Ackermann","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2021.03.022_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.11.025","article-title":"Synergism of TNF-\u03b1 and IFN-\u03b3 triggers inflammatory cell death, tissue damage, and mortality in SARS-CoV-2 infection and cytokine shock syndromes","volume":"184","author":"Karki","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0360301621002820?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0360301621002820?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]],"date-time":"2025-10-06T09:53:14Z","timestamp":1759744394000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0360301621002820"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]}},"alternative-id":["S0360301621002820"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2021.03.022","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2020.05.11.077651","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0360-3016"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0360-3016","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Low Doses of Radiation Increase the Immunosuppressive Profile of Lung Macrophages During Viral Infection and Pneumonia","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2021.03.022","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}