{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T09:06:30Z","timestamp":1780391190394,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,5,15]],"date-time":"2027-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1810339200000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":348,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014228","name":"Duke Cancer Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CA014236"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CA014236"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014228","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CA014236"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CA014236"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"National Cancer Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5R38-CA245204"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5R38-CA245204"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","redjournal.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2025.11.038","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]],"date-time":"2025-11-27T16:42:15Z","timestamp":1764261735000},"page":"649-659","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["An Explainable Deep Model for Risk Scoring and Accurate Radionecrosis Identification Following Brain Metastasis Stereotactic Radiosurgery"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"125","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-6674-3144","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jingtong","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eugene","family":"Vaios","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evan","family":"Calabrese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhenyu","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Ginn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ariel","family":"Gonzalez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott","family":"Floyd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zachary J.","family":"Reitman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Fecci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Kirkpatrick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyle J.","family":"Lafata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6945-7119","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chunhao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2025.11.038_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2022.857622","article-title":"Review of current principles of the diagnosis and management of brain metastases","volume":"12","author":"Brenner","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2025.11.038_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1038\/s43856-024-00445-7","article-title":"Estimating the risk of brain metastasis for patients newly diagnosed with cancer","volume":"4","author":"Miccio","year":"2024","journal-title":"Commun Med (Lond)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2025.11.038_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4529","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11154529","article-title":"Analysis of key clinical variables and radiological manifestations associated with the treatment response of patients with brain metastases to stereotactic radiosurgery","volume":"11","author":"Du","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2025.11.038_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e499","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prro.2023.05.010","article-title":"Postoperative management of recurrence after radiosurgery and surgical resection for brain metastases and predicting benefit from adjuvant radiation","volume":"13","author":"Buszek","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pract Radiat Oncol"},{"issue":"suppl 2","key":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2025.11.038_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S56","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noad188","article-title":"The dilemma of radiation necrosis from diagnosis to treatment in the management of brain metastases","volume":"26","author":"Mayo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2025.11.038_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-017-2545-2","article-title":"Differentiating radiation necrosis from tumor progression in brain metastases treated with stereotactic radiotherapy: Utility of intravoxel incoherent motion perfusion MRI and correlation with histopathology","volume":"134","author":"Detsky","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Neurooncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2025.11.038_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3667","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-16-2265","article-title":"Differentiation between radiation necrosis and tumor progression using chemical exchange saturation transfer","volume":"23","author":"Mehrabian","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2025.11.038_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1338","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.47.12.1338","article-title":"Conservative treatment of delayed cerebral radiation necrosis","volume":"47","author":"Shaw","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2025.11.038_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1749","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2011.03.044","article-title":"Early significant tumor volume reduction after radiosurgery in brain metastases from renal cell carcinoma results in long-term survival","volume":"82","author":"Kim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2025.11.038_bib0010","first-page":"373","article-title":"The management of brain necrosis as a result of SRS treatment for intra-cranial tumors","volume":"3","author":"Patel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transl Cancer Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2025.11.038_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/nos307","article-title":"Differentiating tumor recurrence from treatment necrosis: A review of neuro-oncologic imaging strategies","volume":"15","author":"Verma","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2025.11.038_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1391","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/nox090","article-title":"Biopsy of enlarging lesions after stereotactic radiosurgery for brain metastases frequently reveals radiation necrosis","volume":"19","author":"Narloch","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2025.11.038_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000333263.31870.31","article-title":"Can standard magnetic resonance imaging reliably distinguish recurrent tumor from radiation necrosis after radiosurgery for brain metastases? A radiographic-pathological study","volume":"63","author":"Dequesada","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2025.11.038_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2005-870952","article-title":"Differentiation of the radiation-induced necrosis and tumor recurrence after gamma knife radiosurgery for brain metastases: Importance of multi-voxel proton MRS","volume":"48","author":"Chernov","year":"2005","journal-title":"Minim Invasive Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2025.11.038_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-018-4240-8","article-title":"18F-DOPA PET\/CT in brain tumors: Impact on multidisciplinary brain tumor board decisions","volume":"46","author":"Humbert","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2025.11.038_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.24082","article-title":"Hypofractionated stereotactic radiotherapy for the treatment of brain metastases","volume":"115","author":"Kwon","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2025.11.038_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-024-04669-4","article-title":"Leveraging radiomics and machine learning to differentiate radiation necrosis from recurrence in patients with brain metastases","volume":"168","author":"Basree","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Neurooncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2025.11.038_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2018.05.041","article-title":"Distinguishing true progression from radionecrosis after stereotactic radiation therapy for brain metastases with machine learning and radiomics","volume":"102","author":"Peng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2025.11.038_bib0019","article-title":"Prediction of treatment response after stereotactic radiosurgery of brain metastasis using deep learning and radiomics on longitudinal MRI data","volume":"14","author":"Cho","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2025.11.038_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2255","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-017-5154-8","article-title":"A predictive model for distinguishing radiation necrosis from tumour progression after gamma knife radiosurgery based on radiomic features from MR images","volume":"28","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2025.11.038_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1186\/s40537-021-00444-8","article-title":"Review of deep learning: Concepts, CNN architectures, challenges, applications, future directions","volume":"8","author":"Alzubaidi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Big Data"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2025.11.038_bib0022","series-title":"32nd Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS 2018). Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems","first-page":"6571","article-title":"Neural ordinary differential equations","author":"Chen","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2025.11.038_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4825","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.16286","article-title":"A neural ordinary differential equation model for visualizing deep neural network behaviors in multi-parametric MRI-based glioma segmentation","volume":"50","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Med Phys"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2025.11.038_bib0024","series-title":"35th Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS 2021). Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems","first-page":"18646","article-title":"Heavy ball neural ordinary differential equations","author":"Xia","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2025.11.038_bib0025","series-title":"Radiogenomic explainable AI with neural ordinary differential equation for identifying post-SRS brain metastasis radionecrosis","author":"Zhao","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2025.11.038_bib0026","article-title":"Enhancing outcomes: Neurosurgical resection in brain metastasis patients with poor Karnofsky performance score - A comprehensive survival analysis","volume":"13","author":"Goldberg","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2025.11.038_bib0027","series-title":"Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention \u2013 MICCAI 2015","first-page":"234","article-title":"U-net: Convolutional networks for biomedical image segmentation","author":"Ronneberger","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2025.11.038_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3526","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.16181","article-title":"Towards optimal deep fusion of imaging and clinical data via a model-based description of fusion quality","volume":"50","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Med Phys"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2025.11.038_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0130140","article-title":"On pixel-wise explanations for non-linear classifier decisions by layer-wise relevance propagation","volume":"10","author":"Bach","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2025.11.038_bib0030","unstructured":"Poli M, Massaroli S, Yamashita A, Asama H, Park J. TorchDyn: A neural differential equations library. Preprint. Posted online September 20, 2020. arXiv 2009.09346. doi:10.48550\/arXiv.2009.09346"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2025.11.038_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/now127","article-title":"Updates in the management of brain metastases","volume":"18","author":"Arvold","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2025.11.038_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2076","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.1149","article-title":"First follow-up radiographic response is one of the predictors of local tumor progression and radiation necrosis after stereotactic radiosurgery for brain metastases","volume":"6","author":"Sharma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2025.11.038_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2018.00336","article-title":"Brain radiation necrosis: Current management with a focus on non-small cell lung cancer patients","volume":"8","author":"Loganadane","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2025.11.038_bib0034","article-title":"PD-L1, tumor mutational burden, and outcomes in NSCLC with brain metastases: A brief report","volume":"6","author":"Adib","year":"2025","journal-title":"JTO Clin Res Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2025.11.038_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2025.4347","article-title":"Symptomatic necrosis with dual immune-checkpoint inhibition and radiosurgery for brain metastases","volume":"8","author":"Vaios","year":"2025","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2025.11.038_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1729","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2023.4492","article-title":"Symptomatic necrosis with antibody-drug conjugates and concurrent stereotactic radiotherapy for brain metastases","volume":"9","author":"Lebow","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2025.11.038_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1186\/s40001-023-01178-4","article-title":"Stereotactic radiotherapy for brain metastases: Predictive factors of radionecrosis","volume":"28","author":"Calderon","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur J Med Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2025.11.038_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Squires S, Weedon MN, Oram RA. Exploring the application of deep learning methods for polygenic risk score estimation. Preprint. Posted online December 15, 2023. medRxiv 2023.12.14.23299972. doi:10.1101\/2023.12.14.23299972","DOI":"10.1101\/2023.12.14.23299972"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0360301625065228?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0360301625065228?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T08:18:22Z","timestamp":1780388302000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0360301625065228"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["S0360301625065228"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2025.11.038","relation":{},"ISSN":["0360-3016"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0360-3016","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"An Explainable Deep Model for Risk Scoring and Accurate Radionecrosis Identification Following Brain Metastasis Stereotactic Radiosurgery","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2025.11.038","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 Elsevier Inc. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}