{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T18:36:56Z","timestamp":1790102216242,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":11,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"C","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609459200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609459200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,1]],"date-time":"2021-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612137600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":31,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Background<\/jats:title>\n Marjolin\u2019s ulcers are a rare form of malignancy that present at regions exposed to chronic infection. They present with a clinical triad of nodularity, induration, and ulceration greater than 3 months.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Case report<\/jats:title>\n We present herein, an extremely rare case of Marjolin\u2019s ulcer of the forearm, secondary to osteomyelitis, resulting from a 30-year neglection of external fixator used to treat a war injury of the forearm.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Discussion<\/jats:title>\n Marjolin\u2019s ulcers are classically encountered in lower extremities at sites of burns, trauma or complicated wounds. In the upper extremity however, they are seldom mentioned in literature. The presence of risk factors raise the suspicion of the disease.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n Marjolin\u2019s ulcer is rare sequelae of chronic wound infection. Patients often present after a latency period with exacerbated pain, discharge, and exophytic mass. This disease should be suspected in every case of chronic ulcer, where histological studies of the lesion must be conducted to exclude or confirm the diagnosis.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Highlights<\/jats:title>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijscr.2021.01.107","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,9]],"date-time":"2021-02-09T21:32:02Z","timestamp":1612906322000},"page":"105613","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Marjolin\u2019s ulcer of the forearm from 30-year-neglection of external fixator"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"80","author":[{"given":"Haidar","family":"Kassir","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamad K.","family":"Moussa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Firass","family":"El Hajj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Walid","family":"Kheireddine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad O.","family":"Boushnak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R1-30-20260114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0b013e3181a8082e","article-title":"Marjolin\u2019s ulcer: a preventable complication of burns?","volume":"124","author":"Copcu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg"},{"key":"R2-30-20260114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2007.03382.x","article-title":"Marjolin\u2019s ulcer: the importance of surgical management of chronic cutaneous ulcers","volume":"2","author":"Asuquo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Dermatol"},{"key":"R3-30-20260114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2230.2003.01210.x","article-title":"Thirty-one cases of Marjolin\u2019s ulcer","volume":"28","author":"Copcu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Dermatol"},{"key":"R4-30-20260114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.04.1921","article-title":"Marjolin\u2019s ulcer: MR appearance","volume":"186","author":"Chiang","year":"2006","journal-title":"AJR Am. J. Roentgenol"},{"key":"R5-30-20260114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.12998\/wjcc.v2.i10.507","article-title":"Marjolin\u2019s ulcers in the post-burned lesions and scars","volume":"2","author":"Saaiq","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J. Clin. Cases"},{"key":"R7-30-20260114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0b013e3181904d86","article-title":"Marjolin\u2019s ulcer: modern analysis of an ancient problem","volume":"123","author":"Kerr-Valentic","year":"2009","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg"},{"key":"R8-30-20260114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1097\/00007611-199607000-00011","article-title":"Marjolin\u2019s ulcer of the foot caused by nonburn trauma","volume":"89","author":"Hill","year":"1996","journal-title":"South. Med. J"},{"key":"R9-30-20260114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-1040(07)90205-6","article-title":"Ulc\u00e8re de Marjolin sur ost\u00e9ite chronique: diagnostic et r\u00e9sultats du traitement: 7 cas [Marjolin\u2019s ulcer in chronic osteomyelitis: seven cases and a review of the literature]","volume":"93","author":"Bauer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Rev. Chir. Orthop. Reparatrice Appar. Mot"},{"key":"R10-30-20260114","first-page":"60","article-title":"A comprehensive review on Marjolin\u2019s ulcers: diagnosis and treatment","volume":"3","author":"Pekarek","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Am. Col. Certif. 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