{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T00:01:44Z","timestamp":1779235304632,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":11,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"C","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,1]],"date-time":"2022-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651363200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,1]],"date-time":"2022-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651363200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,1]],"date-time":"2022-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651363200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82074173"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82074173"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n Introduction and importance:<\/jats:title>\n \n Surgical site infection (SSI) is one of the most intractable complications following spine surgery during the early postoperative stage. Elderly (age > 70 years), body mass index > 30, smoking, diabetes mellitus, coronary artery disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, anemia, low serum albumin, operation time > 3 h, and perioperative blood loss > 500 mL are the common risk factors of SSI after spine surgery. However, there are few published reports about sweat contamination induced surgical site infections with\n Staphylococcus epidermidis<\/jats:italic>\n up to date.\n Staphylococcus epidermidis<\/jats:italic>\n is a permanent member of the normal human microbiota and has emerged as an important opportunistic pathogen in SSI. We aim to detect the influence of sweat infiltration on SSI with\n Staphylococcus epidermidis<\/jats:italic>\n and effective management.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Case presentation:<\/jats:title>\n A 73-year-old male, a 54-year-old male and a 73-year-old female were admitted to our hospital. All of them underwent posterior compression and fusion surgery with internal fixation and got surgical site infection after primary surgery. Two of them suffered moderate surgical site infection while the third patient with comorbidities suffered severe surgical site infection. Antibiotic therapy and debridement with internal fixation retained were utilized during which microbiological culture were taken. The moderate infection patients got fully recovered after debridement and primary suture while the serious one had recurrence after the first debridement, and then the second operation was performed. SSI, however, relapsed after three days. Vacuum-assisted closure (VAC) system was placed in the third debridement. The severe patient got well recovered and discharged after displacement of VAC system.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Clinical discussion:<\/jats:title>\n This report serves to explore a normal but overlooked factor for SSI. SSI is one of the most intractable complications after spine surgery and the report introduce some uncomplicated but effective methods to moderate and severe SSI.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n \n Sweat-contaminated is an inducement of SSI with\n Staphylococcus epidermidis<\/jats:italic>\n that should attract surgeons' attention. For mild infection, changing dressing and infrared treatment can achieve good results. For moderate infection, one debridement and primary suture are enough. For severe infection, early application of VAC system can reduce the number of debridement and achieve good clinical outcome.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Highlights<\/jats:title>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijscr.2022.107153","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,3]],"date-time":"2022-05-03T02:00:54Z","timestamp":1651543254000},"page":"107153","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Sweat contamination induced surgical site infections after spine surgery"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"94","author":[{"given":"Yuhang","family":"Ma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kelv","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Duanrong","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhengfeng","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R1-139-20260304","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2015.05.059","article-title":"Risk factors for surgical site infection after spinal surgery: a meta-analysis","volume":"95","author":"Fei","year":"2016","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"key":"R2-139-20260304","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.F.01515","article-title":"Risk factors for surgical site infection following orthopaedic spinal operations","volume":"90","author":"Olsen","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Bone Joint Surg. Am"},{"key":"R3-139-20260304","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1097\/BSD.0000000000000633","article-title":"Postoperative infection in patients undergoing posterior lumbosacral spinal surgery: a pictorial guide for diagnosis and early treatment","volume":"31","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Spine Surg"},{"key":"R4-139-20260304","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1401","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.01401","article-title":"Pathogenic mechanisms and host interactions in Staphylococcus epidermidis device-related infection","volume":"8","author":"Sabat\u00e9 Bresc\u00f3","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol"},{"key":"R5-139-20260304","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsu.2020.10.034","article-title":"The SCARE 2020 guideline: updating consensus Surgical CAse REport (SCARE) guidelines","volume":"84","author":"Agha","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Surg"},{"key":"R6-139-20260304","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1186\/s13018-021-02588-y","article-title":"The use of incisional vacuum-assisted closure system following one-stage incision suture combined with continuous irrigation to treat early deep surgical site infection after posterior lumbar fusion with instrumentation","volume":"16","author":"Shi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Surg. Res"},{"key":"R7-139-20260304","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2161","DOI":"10.2147\/TCRM.S181477","article-title":"Risk factors for surgical site infection following lumbar spinal surgery: a meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ther. Clin. 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