{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T21:42:32Z","timestamp":1776980552231,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"C","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,1]],"date-time":"2024-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711929600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,1]],"date-time":"2024-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711929600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,15]],"date-time":"2024-03-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710460800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Although female victims of sexual child abuse present with symptoms such as local pain and vaginal bleeding, however, before any definitive diagnosis a comprehensive physical examination along with a detailed history related to vaginal bleeding should be taken from the patient. Undoubtedly, we must not forget that only one of the causes of vaginal bleeding is rape. Therefore, before making a final diagnosis, other causes of this symptom must be carefully examined.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Case presentation:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The patient was a 6-years-old female who was hospitalized for notable generalized abdominal distention, acute lower abdomen pain associated with nausea and mild fever lasting 5 days progressively worsening, thelarche and vaginal bleeding. Ultrasound examination showed that multilocular-solid masses located in right side of abdomen which led to surgery and mass excision. Histopathology diagnosis was a juvenile granulosa cell tumor of the ovary.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Among the various causes of peripheral premature puberty, granulosa cell tumor (GCT) is rare but very important. Since in the two age groups - prepuberty and menopause - we don't expect to see vaginal bleeding, the occurrence of this disorder especially in association with breast enlargement in prepubertal group, need to appropriate imaging including pelvic ultrasound and bone age determination also laboratory data such as level of sex hormones and tumor markers to avoid misdiagnosis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We report the case of a granulosa cell tumor patient with vaginal bleeding that a complete history and examination provides the right path to a diagnosis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Highlights<\/jats:title>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijscr.2024.109546","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,19]],"date-time":"2024-03-19T04:13:42Z","timestamp":1710821622000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Vaginal bleeding imitated rape in a 6-year old girl, a case report about granulosa cell tumor as a reason of peripheral precocious puberty"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"117","author":[{"given":"Davoud","family":"Amirkashani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ali Asghar Children Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Seyyed Javad","family":"Nasiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Surgery, Ali-Asghar Children Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Samayeh","family":"Dadakhani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ali Asghar Children Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nafiseh","family":"Mortazavi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Ali-Asghar Children Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mina","family":"Khoshkbarforoushan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Surgery, Ali-Asghar Children Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"R1-84-20260423","first-page":"64","article-title":"Peripheral precocious puberty: causes and current management","volume":"71","author":"Eugster,","year":"2009","journal-title":"Horm. Res."},{"issue":"4","key":"R2-84-20260423","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.4274\/jcrpe.v1i4.3","article-title":"Precocious puberty and normal variant puberty: definition, etiology, diagnosis and current management","volume":"1","author":"Berbero\u011flu,","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Res. Pediatr. Endocrinol."},{"issue":"3","key":"R3-84-20260423","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.4103\/1947-2714.128475","article-title":"Ovarian granulosa cell tumor: clinical features, treatment, outcome, and prognostic factors","volume":"6","author":"Khosla,","year":"2014","journal-title":"N. Am. J. Med. Sci."},{"issue":"9","key":"R4-84-20260423","first-page":"6823","article-title":"Giant juvenile granulosa cell tumor torsion: a case report","volume":"14","author":"Zhang,","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Transl. Res."},{"key":"R5-84-20260423","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.12659\/AJCR.921689","article-title":"Torsion of granulosa cell tumor of the ovary in a preschool patient: a rare cause of acute abdomen","volume":"21","author":"Siviero,","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Case Rep."},{"issue":"4","key":"R6-84-20260423","first-page":"240","article-title":"Granulosa cell tumor in a six-year-old girl presented as precocious puberty","volume":"15","author":"Hashemipour,","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Res. Med. Sci."},{"issue":"3","key":"R7-84-20260423","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.4103\/1947-2714.128475","article-title":"Ovarian granulosa cell tumor: clinical features, treatment, outcome, and prognostic factors","volume":"6","author":"Khosla,","year":"2014","journal-title":"N. Am. J. Med. Sci."},{"issue":"3","key":"R8-84-20260423","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1080\/088800102753541297","article-title":"Ovarian granulosa cell tumors in childhood","volume":"19","author":"Merras-Salmio,","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pediatr. Hematol. Oncol."},{"issue":"6","key":"R9-84-20260423","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1180","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2003.10.019","article-title":"Granulosa cell tumor of the ovary","volume":"21","author":"Schumer,","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"issue":"4","key":"R10-84-20260423","article-title":"A rare case of ovarian juvenile granulosa cell tumor in an infant with isosexual pseudo puberty and revision of literature","volume":"92","author":"Ahmed,","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Biomed. Ateneo Parmense"},{"issue":"5","key":"R11-84-20260423","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1136","DOI":"10.1097\/JS9.0000000000000373","article-title":"The SCARE 2023 guideline: updating consensus Surgical CAse REport (SCARE) guidelines","volume":"109","author":"Sohrabi,","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Surg. Lond. Engl."},{"issue":"6","key":"R12-84-20260423","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.1988.6.6.990","article-title":"Juvenile granulosa cell tumor of the ovary in children: a clinical study of 15 cases","volume":"6","author":"Vassal,","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"issue":"3","key":"R13-84-20260423","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(60)80257-0","article-title":"Ovarian tumors and cysts associated with sexual precocity: report of 3 cases and review of the literature","volume":"57","author":"Eberlein,","year":"1960","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"R14-84-20260423","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7819-11-142","article-title":"Ovarian granulosa cell tumors: a retrospective study of 27 cases and a review of the literature","volume":"11","author":"Sekkate,","year":"2013","journal-title":"World J. Surg. Oncol."},{"key":"R15-84-20260423","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13061080","article-title":"Therapeutic management and prognostic factors for ovarian malignant tumours in adolescents: a comprehensive review of current guidelines","volume":"13","author":"Margioula-Siarkou,","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diagnostics"},{"issue":"2","key":"R16-84-20260423","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpag.2019.11.009","article-title":"Prepubertal vaginal bleeding: an inpatient series from a single center in Fujian China","volume":"33","author":"Zhang,","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Adolesc. Gynecol."},{"issue":"1","key":"R17-84-20260423","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2496","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-04950-x","article-title":"KMT2D\/MLL2 inactivation is associated with recurrence in adult-type granulosa cell tumors of the ovary","volume":"9","author":"Hillman,","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"2","key":"R18-84-20260423","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygyno.2011.03.020","article-title":"Patterns of spread and recurrence of sex cord-stromal tumors of the ovary","volume":"122","author":"Thrall,","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gynecol. Oncol."},{"issue":"3","key":"R19-84-20260423","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1097\/PGP.0000000000000325","article-title":"Granulosa cell tumors: novel predictors of recurrence in early-stage patients","volume":"36","author":"Sakr,","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Gynecol. Pathol."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Surgery Case Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2210261224003274?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2210261224003274?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/10.1016\/j.ijscr.2024.109546","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T21:03:31Z","timestamp":1776978211000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/10.1016\/j.ijscr.2024.109546"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"C","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijscr.2024.109546","relation":{},"ISSN":["2210-2612"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2210-2612","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-02-05","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-03-14","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}