{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T22:12:35Z","timestamp":1778278355657,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":11,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"C","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,5]],"date-time":"2024-12-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733356800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Triorchidism is a rare anomaly whose management raised considerable discussion. Several factors must be considered, including the patient's age, the testes location, their functional status, and the accessibility and compliance for follow-up. We present a case of triorchidism diagnosed incidentally during a routine hernioplasty procedure, serving educational and informative purposes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Case report:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A 44-year-old patient, presented with uncomplicated bilateral inguinal hernias with both testicles in place. During surgery, a supernumerary testicle was discovered in the inguinal region. It was decided to preserve the testicle since the patient agreed to strict and vigilant follow-up.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Supernumerary testis may have a scrotal, inguinal, or abdominal location. The exact etiology of polyorchidism is unclear, however accidental division of the genital ridge before 8 weeks of gestation could be a possible cause. There are various types of classifications for polyorchidism, which is made on imaging in 80 % of the cases and incidentally in 20 % of the cases. In young patients in reproductive age, orchidopexy is recommended if feasible, followed by careful observation. This monitoring is supported by the high sensitivity and specificity of imaging techniques. The situation is more intricate when the supernumerary testis is incidentally discovered and is associated to cryptorchidism, known to increase malignancy risk. These situations raise the question whether to perform orchiectomy per-operatively.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Polyorchidism is a rare pathology with only few cases reported in the literature. Due to the lack of consensus and the high resolution of imaging sensitivity and specificity, management tends to be conservative.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Highlights<\/jats:title>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijscr.2024.110715","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,6]],"date-time":"2024-12-06T12:35:41Z","timestamp":1733488541000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Triorchidism diagnosed during a routine hernia repair: A case report and literature review"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"126","author":[{"given":"Ahmed Hadj","family":"Taieb","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department (B) of Visceral Surgery, Charles Nicolle Hospital, Tunis, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Imen","family":"Samaali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department (B) of Visceral Surgery, Charles Nicolle Hospital, Tunis, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hamza","family":"Boussaffa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Charles Nicolle Hospital, Tunis, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Neirouz","family":"Kammoun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department (B) of Visceral Surgery, Charles Nicolle Hospital, Tunis, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amine Ben","family":"Safta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department (B) of Visceral Surgery, Charles Nicolle Hospital, Tunis, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ramzi","family":"Nouira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department (B) of Visceral Surgery, Charles Nicolle Hospital, Tunis, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"R1-73-20260508","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1136","DOI":"10.1097\/JS9.0000000000000373","article-title":"The SCARE 2023 guideline: updating consensus Surgical CAse REport (SCARE) guidelines","volume":"109","author":"Sohrabi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Surg Lond Engl."},{"issue":"2","key":"R2-73-20260508","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12020649","article-title":"Polyorchidism: an up-to-date systematic review","volume":"12","author":"Balawender","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"R3-73-20260508","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1186\/1752-1947-8-464","article-title":"Polyorchidism: two case reports and a review of the literature","volume":"8","author":"Artul","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Med. Case Rep."},{"issue":"3","key":"R4-73-20260508","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-1208.74166","article-title":"Management of polyorchidism: surgery or conservative management?","volume":"3","author":"Bayraktar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Human Reproductive Sciences."},{"issue":"10","key":"R5-73-20260508","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1662","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2005.06.029","article-title":"Polyorchidism and torsion. A lesson from 2 cases","volume":"40","author":"Ferro","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Surg."},{"issue":"102","key":"R6-73-20260508","article-title":"Polyorchidism: a case report and review of the literature","volume":"1","author":"Sonmez","year":"2012","journal-title":"Andrology"},{"key":"R7-73-20260508","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2422","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2009.07.063","article-title":"Polyorchidism: a meta-analysis","volume":"182","author":"Bergholz","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"issue":"13","key":"R8-73-20260508","first-page":"127","article-title":"Management of incidental finding of triorchidism diagnosed during routine hernia repair","author":"Balawender","year":"2021","journal-title":"Res Rep Urol."},{"issue":"2","key":"R9-73-20260508","first-page":"28","article-title":"Polyorchidism: a rare finding in inguinal swelling","volume":"4","author":"Parihar","year":"2013","journal-title":"APSP Journal of Case Reports."},{"key":"R10-73-20260508","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1177\/1742271X16689808","article-title":"Multiparametric ultrasound findings in a patient with polyorchidism","volume":"25","author":"Rafailidis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ultrasound"},{"issue":"5","key":"R11-73-20260508","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1214","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)43553-1","article-title":"Testicular cancer risk in boys with maldescended testis: a cohort study","volume":"138","author":"Giwercman","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Urol."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Surgery Case Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2210261224014962?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2210261224014962?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/10.1016\/j.ijscr.2024.110715","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T22:01:55Z","timestamp":1778277715000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/10.1016\/j.ijscr.2024.110715"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"references-count":11,"journal-issue":{"issue":"C","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijscr.2024.110715","relation":{},"ISSN":["2210-2612"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2210-2612","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-09-06","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-12-05","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}