{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T18:26:51Z","timestamp":1793730411829,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790985600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004748","name":"Mashhad University of Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["4022171"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["4022171"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004748","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Immunobiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2026.153254","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T20:33:51Z","timestamp":1791318831000},"page":"153254","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Potent improvement in the immunomodulatory effects of mesenchymal stromal\/stem cells following treatment with Mesobuthus eupeus whole venom and F1 fraction"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"231","author":[{"given":"Mahvash","family":"Sadeghi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mojgan","family":"Mohammadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kianush","family":"Charoghdoozi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohsen","family":"Ghoryani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Nemati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jalil Tavakol","family":"Afshari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sajad","family":"Dehnavi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2026.153254_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e35343","article-title":"Poly (I: C) increases the expression of galectin 1, 3, 9 and HGF genes in exosomes isolated from human Wharton\u2019s jelly mesenchymal stem cells","volume":"10","author":"Abbaspour","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2026.153254_bb0010","article-title":"Intravenous injection of autologous bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells on the gene expression and plasma level of CCL5 in refractory rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"25","author":"Alavi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Res. Med. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2026.153254_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2023.110405","article-title":"Sublingual prophylactic administration of OVA-loaded MSC-derived exosomes to prevent allergic sensitization","volume":"120","author":"Asadirad","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2026.153254_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.5966\/sctm.2013-0007","article-title":"Short-term spheroid formation enhances the regenerative capacity of adipose-derived stem cells by promoting stemness, angiogenesis, and chemotaxis","volume":"2","author":"Cheng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Stem Cells Transl. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2026.153254_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-025-04375-6","article-title":"Immunomodulatory interactions between mesenchymal stromal\/stem cells and immune cells in psoriasis: therapeutic potential and challenges","volume":"16","author":"Dashti","year":"2025","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2026.153254_bb0030","article-title":"Interactions of mesenchymal stromal\/stem cells and immune cells following MSC-based therapeutic approaches in rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"393","author":"Dehnavi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell. Immunol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2026.153254_bb0035","article-title":"Loading ovalbumin into mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes as a nanoscale carrier with immunomodulatory potential for allergen-specific immunotherapy","volume":"11","author":"Dehnavi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Rep. Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2026.153254_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2023.152361","article-title":"Immune response modulation by allergen loaded into mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes as an effective carrier through sublingual immunotherapy","volume":"228","author":"Dehnavi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Immunobiology"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2026.153254_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1310","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.3976","article-title":"Scorpion venoms and associated toxins as anticancer agents: update on their application and mechanism of action","volume":"40","author":"Desales-Salazar","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Appl. Toxicol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2026.153254_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1038\/cmi.2012.40","article-title":"Pre-treatment with IL-1\u03b2 enhances the efficacy of MSC transplantation in DSS-induced colitis","volume":"9","author":"Fan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Immunol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2026.153254_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e13464","article-title":"Cell surface markers for mesenchymal stem cells related to the skeletal system: a scoping review","volume":"9","author":"Fonseca","year":"2023","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2026.153254_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2023.110367","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cells and allergic airway inflammation; a therapeutic approach to induce immunoregulatory responses","volume":"120","author":"Gholami","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2026.153254_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1834","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2018.11.056","article-title":"Amelioration of clinical symptoms of patients with refractory rheumatoid arthritis following treatment with autologous bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells: a successful clinical trial in Iran","volume":"109","author":"Ghoryani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2026.153254_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/3562753","article-title":"The sufficient immunoregulatory effect of autologous bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell transplantation on regulatory T cells in patients with refractory rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"2020","author":"Ghoryani","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2026.153254_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-025-03096-5","article-title":"Folic acid-modified ginger-derived extracellular vesicles for targeted treatment of rheumatoid arthritis by remodeling immune microenvironment via the PI3K-AKT pathway","volume":"23","author":"Han","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2026.153254_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/emm.2014.28","article-title":"Enhanced proliferation and differentiation of Oct4-and Sox2-overexpressing human adipose tissue mesenchymal stem cells","volume":"46","author":"Han","year":"2014","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2026.153254_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S350869","article-title":"Lipopolysaccharide-preconditioned dental follicle stem cells derived small extracellular vesicles treating periodontitis via reactive oxygen species\/mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling-mediated antioxidant effect","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomedicine"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2026.153254_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.59278\/cbs.v3i9.62","article-title":"Hypoxia-induced modulation of OCT-4, SOX-2, NANOG, and KLF-4 expression in mesenchymal stem cells","volume":"3","author":"Irawan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Cell Biomed. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2026.153254_bb0095","article-title":"Differential effects of TLR3 and TLR4 activation on MSC-mediated immune regulation","volume":"39","author":"Kaundal","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Rep."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2026.153254_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1007\/s10753-019-01105-y","article-title":"Involvement of toll-like receptor 4 in neutrophil-mediated inflammation, oxidative stress and tissue damage induced by scorpion venom","volume":"43","author":"Khemili","year":"2020","journal-title":"Inflammation"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2026.153254_bb0105","first-page":"497","article-title":"The Effects of Isolated Fractions of Mesobuthus eupeus Scorpion venom on humoral immune response","volume":"11","author":"Khosravi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Arthropod. Borne Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2026.153254_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2018.01.002","article-title":"Enhanced immunosuppressive properties of human mesenchymal stem cells primed by interferon-\u03b3","volume":"28","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2026.153254_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1007\/s12015-017-9793-6","article-title":"Involvement of TLR3-dependent PGES expression in immunosuppression by human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells","volume":"14","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Stem Cell Rev. Rep."},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2026.153254_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1685","DOI":"10.1097\/00029330-200710010-00008","article-title":"Upregulated functional expression of Toll like receptor 4 in mesenchymal stem cells induced by lipopolysaccharide","volume":"120","author":"Liang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chin. Med. J."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2026.153254_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-020-02087-7","article-title":"The therapeutic efficacy of mesenchymal stromal cells on experimental colitis was improved by the IFN-\u03b3 and poly (I: C) priming through promoting the expression of indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase","volume":"12","author":"Lim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2026.153254_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2019.07.721","article-title":"IL-1\u03b2\u2013primed mesenchymal stromal cells improve epidermal substitute engraftment and wound healing via matrix metalloproteinases and transforming growth factor-\u03b21","volume":"140","author":"Magne","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Invest. Dermatol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2026.153254_bb0135","first-page":"288","article-title":"The effect of exosomes isolated from poly (I: C) treated human Wharton\u2019s jelly mesenchymal stem cells on CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3+ regulatory T cells","volume":"23","author":"Misaghian","year":"2024","journal-title":"Iran. J. Allergy Asthma Immunol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2026.153254_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.4110\/in.2017.17.2.89","article-title":"Mesenchymal stromal cells and toll-like receptor priming: a critical review","volume":"17","author":"Najar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Immune Netw."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2026.153254_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1038\/cdd.2011.137","article-title":"SOX2 has a crucial role in the lineage determination and proliferation of mesenchymal stem cells through Dickkopf-1 and c-MYC","volume":"19","author":"Park","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2026.153254_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humimm.2009.12.005","article-title":"Inflammation modifies the pattern and the function of Toll-like receptors expressed by human mesenchymal stromal cells","volume":"71","author":"Raicevic","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hum. Immunol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2026.153254_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-017-0691-2","article-title":"Galectin-1 and galectin-3 expression in equine mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs), synovial fibroblasts and chondrocytes, and the effect of inflammation on MSC motility","volume":"8","author":"Reesink","year":"2017","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res Ther"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2026.153254_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2011.09.041","article-title":"Enhancement of mesenchymal stem cell angiogenic capacity and stemness by a biomimetic hydrogel scaffold","volume":"33","author":"Rustad","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2026.153254_bb0165","article-title":"Stimulating effect of nanocurcumin and crocin on proliferation and pluripotency of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells","volume":"27","author":"Sabouni","year":"2024","journal-title":"Iran. J. Basic Med. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2026.153254_bb0170","article-title":"Therapeutic potential of mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes for allergic airway inflammation","volume":"397","author":"Sadeghi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell. Immunol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2026.153254_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-024-04099-z","article-title":"Immunomodulatory features of MSC-derived exosomes decorated with DC-specific aptamer for improving sublingual immunotherapy in allergic mouse model","volume":"15","author":"Sadeghi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2026.153254_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2024.111960","article-title":"F1 fraction isolated from Mesobuthus eupeus scorpion venom induces macrophage polarization toward M1 phenotype and exerts anti-tumoral effects on the CT26 tumor cell line","volume":"132","author":"Sadeghi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2026.153254_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1007\/s12015-025-10849-0","article-title":"Improving the wound healing process: pivotal role of mesenchymal stromal\/stem cells and immune cells","volume":"21","author":"Sadeghi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Stem Cell Rev. Rep."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2026.153254_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2309","DOI":"10.31557\/APJCP.2022.23.7.2309","article-title":"Iranian Mesobuthus eupeus crude venom induces selective toxicity in chronic lymphocytic leukemia B-lymphocytes through lysosomal\/mitochondrial dysfunction and reactive oxygen species formation","volume":"23","author":"Salimi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prevent.: APJCP"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2026.153254_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2014.12.1926","article-title":"Culture medium from TNF-\u03b1\u2013stimulated mesenchymal stem cells attenuates allergic conjunctivitis through multiple antiallergic mechanisms","volume":"136","author":"Su","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2026.153254_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24021277","article-title":"Pretreated mesenchymal stem cells and their secretome: enhanced immunotherapeutic strategies","volume":"24","author":"Su","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2026.153254_bb0205","article-title":"Structure, function and mechanistic aspects of scorpion venom peptides-a boon for the development of novel therapeutics","volume":"6","author":"Suhas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2026.153254_bb0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2023.106978","article-title":"Scorpion venom peptides: Molecular diversity, structural characteristics, and therapeutic use from channelopathies to viral infections and cancers","volume":"197","author":"Xia","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2026.153254_bb0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-020-02788-0","article-title":"IFN-\u03b3 promoted exosomes from mesenchymal stem cells to attenuate colitis via miR-125a and miR-125b","volume":"11","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2026.153254_bb0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1792","DOI":"10.1002\/term.2930","volume":"13","author":"Yu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Tissue Eng. Regen. Med."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2026.153254_bb0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6832","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.26436","article-title":"Exosomes originating from MSCs stimulated with TGF-\u03b2 and IFN-\u03b3 promote Treg differentiation","volume":"233","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2026.153254_bb0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-024-02917-3","article-title":"Organoids and organoid extracellular vesicles-based disease treatment strategies","volume":"22","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2026.153254_bb0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0088174","article-title":"TLR2, TLR4 and CD14 recognize venom-associated molecular patterns from Tityus serrulatus to induce macrophage-derived inflammatory mediators","volume":"9","author":"Zoccal","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2026.153254_bb0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10760","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms10760","article-title":"Opposing roles of LTB4 and PGE2 in regulating the inflammasome-dependent scorpion venom-induced mortality","volume":"7","author":"Zoccal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."}],"container-title":["Immunobiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0171298526001002?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0171298526001002?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T17:31:55Z","timestamp":1793727115000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0171298526001002"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]}},"alternative-id":["S0171298526001002"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.imbio.2026.153254","relation":{},"ISSN":["0171-2985"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0171-2985","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Potent improvement in the immunomodulatory effects of mesenchymal stromal\/stem cells following treatment with Mesobuthus eupeus whole venom and F1 fraction","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Immunobiology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.imbio.2026.153254","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier GmbH.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"153254"}}