{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T12:07:21Z","timestamp":1790165241142,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785456000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Infectious Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.imj.2026.100280","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,2]],"date-time":"2026-08-02T19:22:26Z","timestamp":1785698546000},"page":"100280","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Convalescent plasma for persistent symptomatic COVID-19 infection in immune-suppressed patients \u2013 a case series"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Daniel","family":"Ronen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mutaz","family":"Karameh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2023-929X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dan","family":"Padawer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nuha","family":"Alsharif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abed","family":"Elghaffar Yaghmour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9046-8130","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hila","family":"Elinav","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6122-1988","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zvi Gregorio","family":"Fridlender","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.imj.2026.100280_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-022-00713-0","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis","volume":"20","author":"Lamers","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.imj.2026.100280_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.140289","article-title":"Cytokine profile in plasma of severe COVID-19 does not differ from ARDS and sepsis","volume":"5","author":"Wilson","year":"2020","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.imj.2026.100280_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/v14051082","article-title":"Dysregulated immune responses in SARS-CoV-2-infected patients: a comprehensive overview","volume":"14","author":"Kudryavtsev","year":"2022","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.imj.2026.100280_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1636","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-1051-9","article-title":"An inflammatory cytokine signature predicts COVID-19 severity and survival","volume":"26","author":"del Valle","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.imj.2026.100280_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0247461","article-title":"Population risk factors for severe disease and mortality in COVID-19: a global systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"Booth","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.imj.2026.100280_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2021012251","article-title":"COVID-19 in patients with hematologic malignancy","volume":"140","author":"Langerbeins","year":"2022","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.imj.2026.100280_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/cmr.00200-21","article-title":"COVID-19 convalescent plasma and clinical trials: understanding conflicting outcomes","volume":"35","author":"Focosi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.imj.2026.100280_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.28443","article-title":"Early administration of Paxlovid reduces the viral elimination time in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variants","volume":"95","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.imj.2026.100280_bib0010","article-title":"Nirmatrelvir\/ritonavir and remdesivir against symptomatic treatment in high-risk COVID-19 outpatients to prevent hospitalization or death during the Omicron era: a propensity score-matched study","volume":"11","author":"Rajme-L\u00f3pez","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ther Adv Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.imj.2026.100280_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-024-09482-y","article-title":"Paxlovid reduces the 28-day mortality of patients with COVID-19: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"24","author":"Zong","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.imj.2026.100280_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1397","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2118542","article-title":"Oral nirmatrelvir for high-risk, nonhospitalized adults with covid-19","volume":"386","author":"Hammond","year":"2022","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.imj.2026.100280_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1038\/s41581-022-00642-4","article-title":"Therapeutic advances in COVID-19","volume":"19","author":"Murakami","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Rev Nephrol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.imj.2026.100280_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1111\/ejh.13722","article-title":"Reasons and consequences of COVID-19 vaccine failure in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia","volume":"108","author":"Morawska","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur J Haematol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.imj.2026.100280_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.809407","article-title":"Large scale SARS-CoV-2 molecular testing and genomic surveillance reveal prolonged infections, protracted RNA shedding, and viral reinfections","volume":"12","author":"Morris","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.imj.2026.100280_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2025.1658593","article-title":"COVID-19 convalescent plasma for B-cell depleted patients: a systematic review and individual patient data meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Zaremba","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.imj.2026.100280_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaf383","article-title":"Protracted SARS-CoV-2 infection in B-cell depleted patients: immunologic and viral characteristics and response to dual and extended antiviral therapy","volume":"81","author":"Little","year":"2026","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.imj.2026.100280_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2291","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2031364","article-title":"Persistence and evolution of SARS-CoV-2 in an immunocompromised host","volume":"383","author":"Choi","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"26","key":"10.1016\/j.imj.2026.100280_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2586","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2031670","article-title":"Shedding of viable SARS-CoV-2 after immunosuppressive therapy for cancer","volume":"383","author":"Aydillo","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.imj.2026.100280_bib0020","article-title":"Impact of COVID-19 on immunocompromised populations during the Omicron era: insights from the observational population-based INFORM study","volume":"35","author":"Evans","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Reg Heal Eur"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.imj.2026.100280_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.34988","article-title":"Treatment of chronic COVID-19 with convalescent\/postvaccination plasma in patients with hematologic malignancies","volume":"155","author":"Janssen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.imj.2026.100280_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.00400-24","article-title":"Outpatient treatment with concomitant vaccine-boosted convalescent plasma for patients with immunosuppression and COVID-19","volume":"15","author":"Ripoll","year":"2024","journal-title":"MBio"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.imj.2026.100280_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1779","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2022.09.006","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 in immunocompromised individuals","volume":"55","author":"DeWolf","year":"2022","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.imj.2026.100280_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciad305","article-title":"A randomized controlled study assessing convalescent immunoglobulins vs convalescent plasma for hospitalized patients with coronavirus 2019","volume":"77","author":"Maor","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.imj.2026.100280_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1007\/s40472-022-00385-y","article-title":"Immunocompromised patients with protracted COVID-19: a review of \u201clong persisters\u201d","volume":"9","author":"Dioverti","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr Transpl Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.imj.2026.100280_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.50647","article-title":"COVID-19 convalescent plasma for the treatment of immunocompromised patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"6","author":"Senefeld","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.imj.2026.100280_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1038\/s41375-022-01511-6","article-title":"Convalescent plasma improves overall survival in patients with B-cell lymphoid malignancy and COVID-19: a longitudinal cohort and propensity score analysis","volume":"36","author":"Hueso","year":"2022","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.imj.2026.100280_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2024.107323","article-title":"Convalescent plasma in patients receiving rituximab or ocrelizumab for multiple sclerosis or neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder with Covid-19: a multicenter retrospective study","volume":"151","author":"Dequidt","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.imj.2026.100280_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2018","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciad066","article-title":"Guidance on the use of convalescent plasma to treat immunocompromised patients with coronavirus disease 2019","volume":"76","author":"Bloch","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.imj.2026.100280_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1310","DOI":"10.7326\/M22-1079","article-title":"Clinical practice guidelines from the association for the advancement of blood and biotherapies (AABB): COVID-19 convalescent plasma","volume":"175","author":"Estcourt","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.imj.2026.100280_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2061","DOI":"10.1038\/s41375-025-02649-9","article-title":"Post-pandemic recommendations for the management of COVID-19 in patients with haematological malignancies or undergoing cellular therapy, from the European conference on infections in leukaemia (ECIL-10)","volume":"39","author":"Cesaro","year":"2025","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.imj.2026.100280_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2024.04.009","article-title":"Persistent COVID-19 in immunocompromised patients\u2014Israeli society of infectious diseases consensus statement on diagnosis and management","volume":"30","author":"Meijer","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.imj.2026.100280_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1111\/vox.13162","article-title":"Qualifying coronavirus disease 2019 convalescent plasma donors in Israel","volume":"117","author":"Izak","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vox Sang"},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.imj.2026.100280_bib0034","article-title":"Comprehensive review of COVID-19: epidemiology, pathogenesis, advancement in diagnostic and detection techniques, and post-pandemic treatment strategies","volume":"25","author":"Chung","year":"2024","journal-title":"IJMS"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.imj.2026.100280_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-022-01959-9","article-title":"Molnupiravir for the treatment of COVID-19 in immunocompromised participants: efficacy, safety, and virology results from the phase 3 randomized, placebo-controlled MOVe-OUT trial","volume":"51","author":"Johnson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Infection"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.imj.2026.100280_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3296","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkab321","article-title":"Impact of remdesivir according to the pre-admission symptom duration in patients with COVID-19","volume":"76","author":"Garcia-Vidal","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.imj.2026.100280_bib0037","article-title":"Convalescent plasma for people with COVID-19: a living systematic review","volume":"2023","author":"Iannizzi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.imj.2026.100280_bib0038","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Clinical management of COVID-19: living guideline, June 2025. (2025)."},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.imj.2026.100280_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1690","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.18178","article-title":"Effect of convalescent plasma on organ support-free days in critically ill patients with COVID-19: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"326","author":"Estcourt","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.imj.2026.100280_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1080\/14787210.2026.2623136","article-title":"COVID-19 convalescent plasma safety and efficacy analysis for biologics license application approval","volume":"24","author":"Sullivan","year":"2026","journal-title":"Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.imj.2026.100280_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1514","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2024.07.020","article-title":"Convalescent plasma and predictors of mortality among hospitalized patients with COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"30","author":"Franchini","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.imj.2026.100280_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2021.1799","article-title":"Association of convalescent plasma therapy with survival in patients with hematologic cancers and COVID-19","volume":"7","author":"Thompson","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.imj.2026.100280_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/v13030436","article-title":"Early administration of convalescent plasma improves survival in patients with hematological malignancies and COVID-19","volume":"13","author":"Biernat","year":"2021","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.imj.2026.100280_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5951","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2022008932","article-title":"Vaccine-boosted convalescent plasma therapy for patients with immunosuppression and COVID-19","volume":"6","author":"Ripoll","year":"2022","journal-title":"Blood Adv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.imj.2026.100280_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105613","article-title":"Early, very high-titre convalescent plasma therapy in clinically vulnerable individuals with mild COVID-19: an international, randomised, open-label trial","volume":"113","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2025","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"}],"container-title":["Infectious Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2772431X26000468?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2772431X26000468?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T11:54:00Z","timestamp":1790164440000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2772431X26000468"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["S2772431X26000468"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.imj.2026.100280","relation":{},"ISSN":["2772-431X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2772-431X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Convalescent plasma for persistent symptomatic COVID-19 infection in immune-suppressed patients \u2013 a case series","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Infectious Medicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.imj.2026.100280","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of Tsinghua University Press.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"100280"}}